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2018.05.31–2018.06.11 Contents Pituch KA & Stevens JP (2015) Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences - Analyses with SAS and IBM’s SPSS, 2018.05.31–2018.06.11 Contents Pituch KA & Stevens JP (2015) Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences - Analyses with SAS and IBM’s SPSS, Sixth Edition Preface 01. Introduction • 1.01 Introduction • 1.02 Type I Error, Type II Error, and Power • 1.03 Multiple Statistical Tests and the Probability of Spurious Results • 1.04 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Importance • 1.05 Outliers • 1.06 Missing Data • 1.07 Unit or Participant Nonresponse • 1.08 Research Examples for Some Analyses Considered in This Text • 1.09 The SAS and SPSS Statistical Packages • 1.10 SAS and SPSS Syntax • 1.11 SAS and SPSS Syntax and Data Sets on the Internet • 1.12 Some Issues Unique to Multivariate Analysis • 1.13 Data Collection and Integrity • 1.14 Internal and External Validity • 1.15 Conflict of Interest • 1.16 Summary • 1.17 Exercises 02. Matrix Algebra • 2.1 Introduction • 2.2 Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar • 2.3 Obtaining the Matrix of Variances and Covariances • 2.4 Determinant of a Matrix • 2.5 Inverse of a Matrix • 2.6 SPSS Matrix Procedure • 2.7 SAS IML Procedure • 2.8 Summary • 2.9 Exercises 03. Multiple Regression for Prediction • 3.01 Introduction • 3.02 Simple Regression • 3.03 Multiple Regression for Two Predictors: Matrix Formulation • 3.04 Mathematical Maximization Nature of Least Squares Regression • 3.05 Breakdown of Sum of Squares and F Test for Multiple Correlation • 3.06 Relationship of Simple Correlations to Multiple Correlation • 3.07 Multicollinearity • 3.08 Model Selection • 3.09 Two Computer Examples • 3.10 Checking Assumptions for the Regression Model • 3.11 Model Validation • 3.12 Importance of the Order of the Predictors • 3.13 Other Important Issues • 3.14 Outliers and Influential Data Points • 3.15 Further Discussion of the Two Computer Examples • 3.16 Sample Size Determination for a Reliable Prediction Equation • 3.17 Other Types of Regression Analysis • 3.18 Multivariate Regression • 3.19 Summary • 3.20 Exercises 04. Two-Group Multivariate Analysis of Variance • 4.01 Introduction • 4.02 Four Statistical Reasons for Preferring a Multivariate Analysis • 4.03 The Multivariate Test Statistic as a Generalization of the Univariate t Test • 4.04 Numerical Calculations for a Two-Group Problem • 4.05 Three Post Hoc Procedures • 4.06 SAS and SPSS Control Lines for Sample Problem and Selected Output • 4.07 Multivariate Significance but No Univariate Significance • 4.08 Multivariate Regression Analysis for the Sample Problem • 4.09 Power Analysis • 4.10 Ways of Improving Power • 4.11 A Priori Power Estimation for a Two-Group MANOVA • 4.12 Summary • 4.13 Exercises 05. K-Group MANOVA: A Priori and Post Hoc Procedures • 5.01 Introduction • 5.02 Multivariate Regression Analysis for a Sample Problem • 5.03 Traditional Multivariate Analysis of Variance • 5.04 Multivariate Analysis of Variance for Sample Data • 5.05 Post Hoc Procedures • 5.06 The Tukey Procedure • 5.07 Planned Comparisons • 5.08 Test Statistics for Planned Comparisons • 5.09 Multivariate Planned Comparisons on SPSS MANOVA • 5.10 Correlated Contrasts • 5.11 Studies Using Multivariate Planned Comparisons • 5.12 Other Multivariate Test Statistics • 5.13 How Many Dependent Variables for a MANOVA? • 5.14 Power Analysis—A Priori Determination of Sample Size • 5.15 Summary • 5.16 Exercises 06. Assumptions in MANOVA • 6.01 Introduction • 6.02 ANOVA and MANOVA Assumptions • 6.03 Independence Assumption • 6.04 What Should Be Done With Correlated Observations? • 6.05 Normality Assumption • 6.06 Multivariate Normality • 6.07 Assessing the Normality Assumption • 6.08 Homogeneity of Variance Assumption • 6.09 Homogeneity of the Covariance Matrices • 6.10 Summary • 6.11 Complete Three-Group MANOVA Example • 6.12 Example Results Section for One-Way MANOVA • 6.13 Analysis Summary • Appendix 6.1 Analyzing Correlated Observations • Appendix 6.2 Multivariate Test Statistics for Unequal Covariance Matrices • 6.14 Exercises 07. Factorial ANOVA and MANOVA • 7.01 Introduction • 7.02 Advantages of a Two-Way Design • 7.03 Univariate Factorial Analysis • 7.04 Factorial Multivariate Analysis of Variance • 7.05 Weighting of the Cell Means • 7.06 Analysis Procedures for Two-Way MANOVA • 7.07 Factorial MANOVA With SeniorWISE Data • 7.08 Example Results Section for Factorial MANOVA With SeniorWise Data • 7.09 Three-Way MANOVA • 7.10 Factorial Descriptive Discriminant Analysis • 7.11 Summary • 7.12 Exercises 08. Analysis of Covariance • 8.01 Introduction • 8.02 Purposes of ANCOVA • 8.03 Adjustment of Posttest Means and Reduction of Error Variance • 8.04 Choice of Covariates • 8.05 Assumptions in Analysis of Covariance • 8.06 Use of ANCOVA With Intact Groups • 8.07 Alternative Analyses for Pretest–Posttest Designs • 8.08 Error Reduction and Adjustment of Posttest Means for Several Covariates • 8.09 MANCOVA—Several Dependent Variables and Several Covariates • 8.10 Testing the Assumption of Homogeneous Hyperplanes on SPSS • 8.11 Effect Size Measures for Group Comparisons in MANCOVA/ANCOVA • 8.12 Two Computer Examples • 8.13 Note on Post Hoc Procedures • 8.14 Note on the Use of MVMM • 8.15 Example Results Section for MANCOVA • 8.16 Summary • 8.17 Analysis Summary • 8.18 Exercises 09. Exploratory Factor Analysis • 9.01 Introduction • 9.02 The Principal Components Method • 9.03 Criteria for Determining How Many Factors to Retain Using Principal Components Extraction • 9.04 Increasing Interpretability of Factors by Rotation • 9.05 What Coefficients Should Be Used for Interpretation? • 9.06 Sample Size and Reliable Factors • 9.07 Some Simple Factor Analyses Using Principal Components Extraction • 9.08 The Communality Issue • 9.09 The Factor Analysis Model • 9.10 Assumptions for Common Factor Analysis • 9.11 Determining How Many Factors Are Present With Principal Axis Factoring • 9.12 Exploratory Factor Analysis Example With Principal Axis Factoring • 9.13 Factor Scores • 9.14 Using SPSS in Factor Analysis • 9.15 Using SAS in Factor Analysis • 9.16 Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis • 9.17 Example Results Section for EFA of Reactions-to-Tests Scale • 9.18 Summary • 9.19 Exercises 10. Discriminant Analysis • 10.01 Introduction • 10.02 Descriptive Discriminant Analysis • 10.03 Dimension Reduction Analysis • 10.04 Interpreting the Discriminant Functions • 10.05 Minimum Sample Size • 10.06 Graphing the Groups in the Discriminant Plane • 10.07 Example With SeniorWISE Data • 10.08 National Merit Scholar Example • 10.09 Rotation of the Discriminant Functions • 10.10 Stepwise Discriminant Analysis • 10.11 The Classification Problem • 10.12 Linear Versus Quadratic Classification Rule • 10.13 Characteristics of a Good Classification Procedure • 10.14 Analysis Summary of Descriptive Discriminant Analysis • 10.15 Example Results Section for Discriminant Analysis of the National Merit Scholar Example • 10.16 Summary • 10.17 Exercises 11. Binary Logistic Regression • 11.01 Introduction • 11.02 The Research Example • 11.03 Problems With Linear Regression Analysis • 11.04 Transformations and the Odds Ratio With a Dichotomous Explanatory Variable • 11.05 The Logistic Regression Equation With a Single Dichotomous Explanatory Variable • 11.06 The Logistic Regression Equation With a Single Continuous Explanatory Variable • 11.07 Logistic Regression as a Generalized Linear Model • 11.08 Parameter Estimation • 11.09 Significance Test for the Entire Model and Sets of Variables • 11.10 McFadden’s Pseudo R-Square for Strength of Association • 11.11 Significance Tests and Confidence Intervals for Single Variables • 11.12 Preliminary Analysis • 11.13 Residuals and Influence • 11.14 Assumptions • 11.15 Other Data Issues • 11.16 Classification • 11.17 Using SAS and SPSS for Multiple Logistic Regression • 11.18 Using SAS and SPSS to Implement the Box–Tidwell Procedure • 11.19 Example Results Section for Logistic Regression With Diabetes Prevention Study • 11.20 Analysis Summary • 11.21 Exercises 12. Repeated-Measures Analysis • 12.01 Introduction • 12.02 Single-Group Repeated Measures • 12.03 The Multivariate Test Statistic for Repeated Measures • 12.04 Assumptions in Repeated-Measures Analysis • 12.05 Computer Analysis of the Drug Data • 12.06 Post Hoc Procedures in Repeated-Measures Analysis • 12.07 Should We Use the Univariate or Multivariate Approach? • 12.08 One-Way Repeated Measures—A Trend Analysis • 12.09 Sample Size for Power = .80 in Single-Sample Case • 12.10 Multivariate Matched-Pairs Analysis • 12.11 One-Between and One-Within Design • 12.12 Post Hoc Procedures for the One-Between and One-Within Design • 12.13 One-Between and Two-Within Factors • 12.14 Two-Between and One-Within Factors • 12.15 Two-Between and Two-Within Factors • 12.16 Totally Within Designs • 12.17 Planned Comparisons in Repeated-Measures Designs • 12.18 Profile Analysis • 12.19 Doubly Multivariate Repeated-Measures Designs • 12.20 Summary • 12.21 Exercises 13. Hierarchical Linear Modeling • 13.1 Introduction • 13.2 Problems Using Single-Level Analyses of Multilevel Data • 13.3 Formulation of the Multilevel Model • 13.4 Two-Level Model—General Formation • 13.5 Example 1: Examining School Differences in Mathematics • 13.6 Centering Predictor Variables • 13.7 Sample Size • 13.8 Example 2: Evaluating the Efficacy of a Treatment • 13.9 Summary 14. Multivariate Multilevel Modeling • 14.1 Introduction • 14.2 Benefits of Conducting a Multivariate Multilevel Analysis • 14.3 Research Example • 14.4 Preparing a Data Set for MVMM Using SAS and SPSS • 14.5 Incorporating Multiple Outcomes in the Level-1 Model • 14.6 Example 1: Using SAS and SPSS to Conduct Two-Level Multivariate Analysis • 14.7 Example 2: Using SAS and SPSS to Conduct Three-Level Multivariate Analysis • 14.8 Summary 15. Canonical Correlation • 15.01 Introduction • 15.02 The Nature of Canonical Correlation • 15.03 Significance Tests • 15.04 Interpreting the Canonical Variates • 15.05 Computer Example Using SAS CANCORR • 15.06 A Study That Used Canonical Correlation • 15.07 Using SAS for Canonical Correlation on Two Sets of Factor Scores • 15.08 The Redundancy Index of Stewart and Love • 15.09 Rotation of Canonical Variates • 15.10 Obtaining More Reliable Canonical Variates • 15.11 Summary • 15.12 Exercises 16. Structural Equation Modeling • 16.01 Introduction • 16.02 Notation, Terminology, and Software • 16.03 Causal Inference • 16.04 Fundamental Topics in SEM • 16.05 Three Principal SEM Techniques • 16.06 Observed Variable Path Analysis • 16.07 Observed Variable Path Analysis With the Mueller Study • 16.08 Confirmatory Factor Analysis • 16.09 CFA With Reactions-to-Tests Data • 16.10 Latent Variable Path Analysis • 16.11 Latent Variable Path Analysis With Exercise Behavior Study • 16.12 SEM Considerations • 16.13 Additional Models in SEM • 16.14 Final Thoughts Appendix 16.1 Abbreviated SAS Output for Final Observed Variable Path Model Appendix 16.2 Abbreviated SAS Output for the Final Latent Variable Path Model for Exercise Behavior Appendix A: Statistical Tables Appendix B: Obtaining Nonorthogonal Contrasts in Repeated Measures Designs Detailed Answers Index ...more |
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2017.05.11–2017.06.19 Basic introduction to statistics. I read chapters 1–9 for a course. Contents Ross SM (2010) Introductory Statistics About the Author 2017.05.11–2017.06.19 Basic introduction to statistics. I read chapters 1–9 for a course. Contents Ross SM (2010) Introductory Statistics About the Author Preface Acknowledgments 01. Introduction to Statistics 01.1. Introduction 01.2. The Nature of Statistics 01.2.1. Data Collection 01.2.2. Inferential Statistics and Probability Models 01.3. Populations and Samples 01.3.1. Stratified Random Sampling 01.4. A Brief History of Statistics Key Terms The Changing Defnition of Statistics Review Problems 02. Describing Data Sets 02.1. Introduction 02.2. Frequency Tables and Graphs 02.2.1. Line Graphs, Bar Graphs, and Frequency Polygons 02.2.2. Relative Frequency Graphs 02.3.3. Pie Charts Problems 02.3. Grouped Data and Histograms Problems 02.4. Stem-and-Leaf Plots Problems 02.5. Sets of Paired Data Problems 02.6. Some Historical Comments Key Terms Summary Review Problems 03. Using Statistics to Summarize Data Sets 03.1. Introduction 03.2. Sample Mean 03.2.1. Deviations Problems 03.3. Sample Median Problems 03.3.1. Sample Percentiles 03.4. Sample Mode Problems 03.5. Sample Variance and Sample Standard Deviation Problems 03.6. Normal Data Sets and the Empirical Rule Problems 03.7. Sample Correlation Coefficient Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 04. Probability 04.1. Introduction 04.2. Sample Space and Events of an Experiment Problems 04.3. Properties of Probability Problems 04.4. Experiments Having Equally Likely Outcomes Problems 04.5. Conditional Probability and Independence Problems 04.6. Bayes Theorem Problems 04.7. Counting Principles Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 05. Discrete Random Variables 05.1. Introduction 05.2. Random Variable Problems 05.3. Expected Value 05.3.1. Properties of Expected Values Problems 05.4. Variance of Random Variables 05.4.1. Properties of Variances Problems 05.5. Binomial Random Variables 05.5.1. Expected Value and Variance of a Binomial Random Variable Problems 05.6. Hypergeometric Random Variables Problems 05.7. Poisson Random Variables Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 06. Normal Random Variables 06.1. Introduction 06.2. Continuous Random Variables Problems 06.3. Normal Random Variables Problems 06.4. Probabilities Associated with a Standard Normal Random Variable Problems 06.5. Finding Normal Probabilities: Conversion to the Standard Normal 06.6. Additive Property of Normal Random Variables Problems 06.7. Percentiles of Normal Random Variables Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 07. Distributions of Sampling Statistics 07.1. A Preview 07.2. Introduction 07.3. Sample Mean Problems 07.4. Central Limit Theorem 07.4.1. Distribution of the Sample Mean 07.4.2. How Large a Sample Is Needed? Problems 07.5. Sampling Proportions from a Finite Population 07.5.1. Probabilities Associated with Sample Proportions: The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution Problems 07.6. Distribution of the Sample Variance of a Normal Population Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 08. Estimation 08.1. Introduction 08.2. Point Estimator of a Population Mean Problems 08.3. Point Estimator of a Population Proportion Problems 08.3.1. Estimating the Probability of a Sensitive Event Problems 08.4. Estimating a Population Variance Problems 08.5. Interval Estimators of the Mean of a Normal Population with Known Population Variance 08.5.1. Lower and Upper Confidence Bounds Problems 08.6. Interval Estimators of the Mean of a Normal Population with Unknown Population Variance 08.6.1. Lower and Upper Confidence Bounds Problems 08.7. Interval Estimators of a Population Proportion 08.7.1. Length of the Confidence Interval 08.7.2. Lower and Upper Confidence Bounds Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 09. Testing Statistical Hypotheses 09.1. Introduction 09.2. Hypotheses Tests and Significance Levels Problems 09.3. Tests Concerning the Mean of a Normal Population: Case of Known Variance Problems 09.3.1. One-Sided Tests 09.4. The t Test for the Mean of a Normal Population: Case of Unknown Variance Problems 09.5. Hypothesis Tests Concerning Population Proportions 09.5.1. Two-Sided Tests of p Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems and Proposed Case Studies 10. Hypothesis Tests Concerning Two Populations 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Testing Equality of Means of Two Normal Populations: Case of Known Variances Problems 10.3. Testing Equality of Means: Unknown Variances and Large Sample Sizes Problems 10.4. Testing Equality of Means: Small-Sample Tests when the Unknown Population Variances Are Equal Problems 10.5. Paired-Sample t Test Problems 10.6. Testing Equality of Population Proportions Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 11. Analysis of Variance 11.1. Introduction 11.2. One-Factor Analysis of Variance A Remark on the Degrees of Freedom Problems 11.3. Two-Factor Analysis of Variance: Introduction and Parameter Estimation Problems 11.4. Two-Factor Analysis of Variance: Testing Hypotheses Problems 11.5. Final Comments Key Terms Summary Review Problems 12. Linear Regression 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Simple Linear Regression Model Problems 12.3. Estimating the Regression Parameters Problems 12.4. Error Random Variable Problems 12.5. Testing the Hypothesis that β = 0 Problems 12.6. Regression to the Mean 12.6.1. Why Biological Data Sets Are Often Normally Distributed Problems 12.7. Prediction Intervals for Future Responses Problems 12.8. Coefficient of Determination Problems 12.9. Sample Correlation Coefficient Problems 12.10. Analysis of Residuals: Assessing the Model Problems 12.11. Multiple Linear Regression Model 12.11.1. Dummy Variables for Categorical Data Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 13. Chi-Squared Goodness-of-Fit Tests 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Chi-Squared Goodness-of-Fit Tests Problems 13.3. Testing for Independence in Populations Classified According to Two Characteristics Problems 13.4. Testing for Independence in Contingency Tables with Fixed Marginal Totals Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 14. Nonparametric Hypotheses Tests 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Sign Test 14.2.1. Testing the Equality of Population Distributions when Samples Are Paired 14.2.2. One-Sided Tests Problems 14.3. Signed-Rank Test 14.3.1. Zero Differences and Ties Problems 14.4. Rank-Sum Test for Comparing Two Populations 14.4.1. Comparing Nonparametric Tests with Tests that Assume Normal Distributions Problems 14.5. Runs Test for Randomness Problems 14.6. Testing the Equality of Multiple Probability Distributions 14.6.1. When the Data Are a Set of Comparison Rankings Problems 14.7. Permutation Tests Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems 15. Quality Control 15.1. Introduction 15.2. The X-bar Control Chart for Detecting a Shift in the Mean Problems 15.2.1. When the Mean and Variance Are Unknown 15.2.2. S Control Charts Problems 15.3. Control Charts for Fraction Defective Problems 15.4. Exponentially Weighted Moving-Average Control Charts Problems 15.5. Cumulative-Sum Control Charts Problems Key Terms Summary Review Problems Appendices • Appendix A. A Data Set • Appendix B. Mathematical Preliminaries • • B.1. Summation • • B.2. Absolute Value • • B.3. Set Notation • Appendix C. How to Choose a Random Sample • Appendix D. Tables • • Table D.1. Standard Normal Probabilities • • Table D.2. Percentiles t sub n,α of t Distributions • • Table D.3. Percentiles χ^2 sub n,α of the Chi-Squared Distributions • • Table D.4. Percentiles of F Distributions • • Table D.5. Binomial Distribution Function • Appendix E. Programs Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Index ...more |
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2017.03.15–2017.05.04 Contents Vehkalahti K (2008) Kyselytutkimuksen mittarit ja menetelmät Alkusanat 1. Johdanto 1.1. Kyselytutkimus 1.2. Kirjan rakenne ja 2017.03.15–2017.05.04 Contents Vehkalahti K (2008) Kyselytutkimuksen mittarit ja menetelmät Alkusanat 1. Johdanto 1.1. Kyselytutkimus 1.2. Kirjan rakenne ja sisältö 2. Mittaus ja tiedonkeruu 2.1. Johdatteleva esimerkki 2.2. Kyselylomake mittausvälineenä 2.2.1. Ulottuvuudet 2.2.2. Osiot ja mittarit 2.2.3. Avoimet ja suljetut osiot 2.3. Mittauksen taso 2.3.1. Luokittelu 2.3.2. Järjestäminen 2.3.3. Mittaaminen 2.4. Mittauksen luotettavuus 2.4.1. Validiteetti 2.4.2. Reliabiliteetti 2.5. Tiedonkeruu 2.5.1. Perusjoukko ja otos 2.5.2. Kokonaistutkimus ja rekisterit 2.5.3. Näyteaineistot 2.6. Kyselylomake tiedonkeruuvälineenä 3. Aineiston esikäsittely 3.1. Aineistoon tutustuminen 3.2. Yhden muuttujan tarkastelu 3.2.1. Jakaumat 3.2.2. Tunnusluvut 3.2.3. Kuvat 3.3. Muunnokset 3.4. Kahden muuttujan tarkastelu 3.4.1. Taulukot 3.4.2. Kuvat 3.4.3. Tunnusluvut 3.5. Muokkaukset 4. Aineiston tiivistäminen 4.1. Tilastollinen malli 4.2. Mittausmalli 4.3. Faktorianalyysi 4.3.1. Oletukset 4.3.2. Faktoreiden tulkinta 4.3.3. Mittausmallin rakennevaliditeetti 4.4. Mitta-asteikko 4.4.1. Faktoripisteet 4.4.2. Summamuuttujat 4.4.3. Mitta-asteikon reliabiliteetti 5. Havaintojen vertailu 5.1. Mittauskehikko 5.1.1. Vertailuperuste 5.1.2. Tulosasteikko 5.2. Regressioanalyysi 5.2.1. Oletukset 5.2.2. Selittäjien valinta 5.2.3. Taustamuuttujat ja ennustevaliditeetti 5.2.4. Luokitellut selittäjät 5.3. Regressiodiagnostiikka 5.3.1. Jäännösvaihtelu 5.3.2. Vaikutusvaltaisuus ja poikkeavuus 6. Aineiston ryhmittely 6.1. Hierarkkinen ja visuaalinen ryhmittely 6.2. Moniulotteinen skaalaus 6.3. Medoidiryhmittely 7. Ryhmien visualisointi 7.1. Hajontakuvan yleistyksiä 7.2. Erotteluanalyysi 7.3. Korrespondenssianalyysi 7.3.1. Kahden muuttujan taulukko 7.3.2. Kahden muuttujan kuva 7.3.3. Burtin matriisi 7.3.4. Usean muuttujan kuva A. Ohjelmistot ja dokumentointi A.1. Ohjelmistot A.1.1. Survo ja SPSS A.1.2. Aineiston perustaminen A.1.3. Dokumentoiva työskentelytapa A.2. Kuvien ja tulosteiden työkaavioita Lähteet ja kirjallisuus Kuvat, esimerkit, tulosteet ja taulukot Hakemisto ...more |
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2016.11.02–2017.01.02 Ward J (2015) Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience, The (3e) 2016.11.02–2017.01.02 Ward J (2015) Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience, The (3e) ...more |
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2016.11.01– Howell DC (2013) Statistical Methods for Psychology Preface About the Author 01. Basic Concepts 1.1. Important Terms 1.2. Descriptive and Infere 2016.11.01– Howell DC (2013) Statistical Methods for Psychology Preface About the Author 01. Basic Concepts 1.1. Important Terms 1.2. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1.3. Measurement Scales • Nominal Scales • Ordinal Scales • Interval Scales • Ratio Scales • The Role of Measurement Scales 1.4. Using Computers 1.5. What You Should Know about this Edition 02. Describing and Exploring Data 2.1. Plotting Data • Frequency Distributions 2.2. Histograms 2.3. Fitting Smoothed Lines to Data • Fitting a Normal Curve • Kernel Density Plots 2.4. Stem-and-Leaf Displays 2.5. Describing Distributions 2.6. Notation • Notation of Variables • Summation Notation • Double Subscripts 2.7. Measures of Central Tendency • The Mode • The Median • The Mean • Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the the Mode, the Median, and the Mean • Trimmed means 2.8. Measures of Variability • Range • Interquartile Range and other Range Statistics • The Average Deviation • The Mean Absolute Deviation • The Variance • The Standard Deviation • Computational Formulae for the Variance and the Standard Deviation • The Influence of Extreme Values on the Variance and Standard Deviation • The Coefficient of Variation • Unbiased Estimators • The Sample Variance as an Estimator of The Population Variance 2.9. Boxplots: Graphical Representations of Dispersions and Extreme Scores 2.10. Obtaining Measures of Dispersion Using SPSS 2.11. Percentiles, Quartiles, and Deciles 2.12. The Effect of Linear Transformations on Data • Centering • Reflection as a Transformation • Standardization • Nonlinear Transformations 03. The Normal Distribution 3.1. The Normal Distribution 3.2. The Standard Normal Distribution 3.3. Using the Tables of the Standard Normal Distribution 3.4. Setting Probable Limits on an Observation 3.5. Assessing Whether Data are Normally Distributed • Q-Q Plots • The Axes for a Q-Q Plot • The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test 3.6. Measures Related to z 04. Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing 4.1. Two Simple Examples Involving Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists 4.2. Sampling Distributions 4.3. Theory of Hypothesis Testing • Preamble • The Traditional Approach to Hypothesis Testing • The First Stumbling Block 4.4. The Null Hypothesis • Statistical Conclusions 4.5. Test Statistics and Their Sampling Distributions 4.6. Making Decisions About the Null Hypothesis 4.7. Type I and Type II Errors 4.8. One- and Two-Tailed Tests 4.9. What Does it Mean to Reject the Null Hypothesis? 4.10. An Alternative View of Hypothesis Testing 4.11. Effect Size 4.12. A Final Worked Example 4.13. Back to Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists 05. Basic Concepts of Probability 5.1. Probability 5.2. Basic Terminology and Rules • Basic Laws of Probability • The Additive Rule • The Multiplicative Rule • Sampling with Replacement • Joint and Conditional Probabilities 5.3. Discrete versus Continuous Variables 5.4. Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables 5.5. Probability Distributions for Continuous Variables 5.6. Permutations and Combinations • Permutations • Combinations 5.7. Bayes' Theorem • A Second Example • A Generic Formula • Back to the Hypothesis Testing 5.8. The Binomial Distribution • Plotting Binomial Distributions • The Mean and Variance of a Binomial Distribution 5.9. Using the Binomial Distribution to Test Hypotheses • The Sign Test 5.10. The Multinomial Distribution 06. Categorical Data and Chi-Square 6.1. The Chi-Square Distribution 6.2. The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test—One-Way Classification • The Tabled Chi-Square Distribution • An Example with More Than Two Categories 6.3. Two Classification Variables: Contingency Table Analysis • Expected Frequencies for Contingency Tables • Calculation of Chi-Square • Degrees of Freedom • Evaluation of X2 • Another Example • Evaluation of X2 • 2 x 2 Tables are Special Cases • Correcting for continuity • Fisher's Exact Test • Fisher's Exact Test versus Pearson's Chi Square 6.4. An Additional Example—A 4 x 2 Design • Computer analyses • Small Expected Frequencies 6.5. Chi-Square for Ordinal Data 6.6. Summary of the Assumptions of Chi-Square • The Assumption of Independence • Inclusion of Nonoccurrences 6.7. Dependent or Repeated Measures 6.8. One- and Two-Tailed Tests 6.9. Likelihood Ratio Tests 6.10. Mantel-Haenszel Tests 6.11. Effect Sizes • A Classic Example • d-family: Risks and Odds • Odds Ratios in 2 x K Tables • Odds Ratios in 2 x 2 x K Tables • r-family Measures • Phi (Φ) and Cramér's V 6.12. Measures of Agreement • Kappa (ϰ)—A Measure of Agreement 6.13. Writing Up the Results 07. Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means 7.1. Sampling Distribution of the Mean 7.2. Testing Hypotheses About Means—σ Known 7.3. Testing a Sample Mean When σ is Unknown—The One-Sample t Test • The Sampling Distribution of s2 • The t Statistic • Degrees of Freedom • Psychomotor Abilities of Low-Birthweight Infants • Things Are Changing • The Moon Illusion • Confidence Interval on µ • But What Is a Confidence Interval • Identifying Extreme Cases • A Final Example: We Aren't Done with Therapeutic Touch • Using SPSS to Run One-Sample t Tests 7.4. Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means—Two Matched Samples • Treatment of Anorexia • Difference Scores • The t Statistic • Degrees of Freedom • Confidence Intervals • The Moon Illusion Revisited • Effect Size • d-Family of Measures • More About Matched Samples • Missing Data • Using Computer Software for t Tests on Matched Samples • Writing up the Results of a Dependent t Test 7.5. Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means—Two Independent Samples • Distribution of Differences Between Means • The t Statistic • Pooling Variances • Homophobia and Sexual Arousal • Confidence Limits on µ1 – µ2 • Effect Size • Confidence Limits on Effect Sizes • Reporting Results • SPSS Analysis • A Second Worked Example • Writing up the Results 7.6. Heterogeneity of Variance: the Behrens–Fisher Problem • The Sampling Distribution of t' • Testing for Heterogeneity of Variance • The Robustness of t with Heterogeneous Variances • But Should We Test for Homogeneity of Variance? • A Caution 7.7. Hypothesis Testing Revisited 08. Power 8.1. The Basic Concept of Power 8.2. Factors Affecting the Power of a Test • A Short Review • Power as a Function of α • Power as a Function of H1 • Power as a Function of n and σ2 8.3. Calculating Power the Traditional Way • Estimating the Effect Size • Recombining the Effect Size and n 8.4. Power Calculations for the One-Sample t • Estimating Required Sample Size • Noncentrality Parameters 8.5. Power Calculations for Differences Between Two Independent Means • Equal Sample Sizes • Unequal Sample Sizes 8.6. Power Calculations for Matched-Sample t 8.7. Turning the Tables on Power 8.8. Power Considerations in More Complex Designs 8.9. The Use of G*Power to Simplify Calculations 8.10. Retrospective Power 8.11. Writing Up the Results of a Power Analysis 09. Correlation and Regression 9.1. Scatterplot 9.2. The Relationship Between Pace of Life and Heart Disease 9.3. The Relationship Between Stress and Health 9.4. The Covariance 9.5. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) • Adjusted r 9.6. The Regression Line • Interpretations of Regression • Intercept • Slope • Standardized Regression Coefficients • Correlation and Beta • A Note of Caution 9.7. Other Ways of Fitting a Line to Data 9.8. The Accuracy of Prediction • The Standard Deviation as a Measure of Error • The Standard Error of Estimate • r2 and the Standard Error of Estimate • Errors of Prediction as a Function of r • r2 as a Measure of Predictable Variability 9.9. Assumptions Underlying Regression and Correlation 9.10. Confidence Limits on Y-hat 9.11. A Computer Example Showing the Role of Test-Taking Skills 9.12. Hypothesis Testing • Testing the Significance of r • Testing the Significance of b • Testing the Difference Between Two Independent bs • Testing the Difference Between Two Independent rs • Testing the Hypothesis that ρ Equals any Specified Value • Confidence Limits on ρ • Confidence Limits Versus Tests of Significance • Testing the Difference Between Two Nonindependent rs 9.13. One Final Example 9.14. The Role of Assumptions in Correlation and Regression 9.15. Factors that Affect the Correlation • The Effect of Range Restrictions • The Effect of Heterogeneous Subsamples 9.16. Power Calculations for Pearson's r • Additional Examples 10. Alternative Correlational Techniques 10.1. Point-Biserial Correlation and Phi: Pearson Correlations by Another Name • Point-Biserial Correlation (rpb) • Calculating rpb • The Relationship Between rpb and t • Testing the Significance of r2pb • r2pb and Effect Size • Confidence Limits on d • The Phi Coefficient (Φ) • Calculating Φ • Significance of Φ • The Relationship Between Φ and X2 • Φ2 as a Measure of the Practical Significance of X2 10.2. Biserial and Tetrachoric Correlation: Non-Pearson Correlation Coefficients 10.3. Correlation Coefficients for Ranked Data • Ranking Data • Spearman's Correlation Coefficient for Ranked Data (rs) • The Significance of rs • Kendall's Tau Coefficient (τ) • Calculating τ • Significance of τ 10.4. Analysis of Contingency Tables with Ordered Data • A Correlational Approach 10.5. Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W) 11. Simple Analysis of Variance 11.1. An Example 11.2. The Underlying Model • Assumptions • Homogeneity of Variance • Normality • The Null Hypothesis 11.3. The Logic of the Analysis of Variance • Variance Estimation 11.4. Calculations in the Analysis of Variance • Sum of Squares • The Data • SStotal • SStreat • SSerror • The Summary Table • Sources of Variation • Degrees of Freedom • Mean Squares • The F Statistic • Conclusions 11.5. Writing Up the Results 11.6. Computer Solutions 11.7. Unequal Sample Sizes • Effective Therapies for Anorexia 11.8. Violations of Assumptions • The Welch Procedure • BUT! 11.9. Transformations • Logarithmic Transformation • Square-Root Transformation • Reciprocal • The Arcsine Transformation • Trimmed Samples • When to Transform and How to Choose a Transformation • Resampling 11.10. Fixed versus Random Models 11.11. The Size of an Experimental Effect • Eta-Squared (η2) • Omega-Squared (ω2) • d-Family Measures of Effect Size 11.12. Power • Resampling for Power • An Example • A Little Bit of Theory • Effect Size • Calculating Power using G*Power 11.13. Computer Analyses 12. Multiple Comparisons Among Treatment Means 12.1. Error Rates • Error Rate Per Comparison (PC) • Familywise Error Rate (FW) • The Null Hypothesis and Error Rates • A Priori versus Post Hoc Comparisons • Significance of the Overall F 12.2. Multiple Comparisons in a Simple Experiment on Morphine Tolerance • Magnitude of Effect 12.3. A Priori Comparisons • Multiple t Tests • Linear Contrasts • Sum of Squares for Contrasts • The Choice of Coefficients • The Test of Significance • Orthogonal Contrasts • Orthogonal Coefficients • Bonferroni t (Dunn's test) • Multistage Bonferroni Procedures • Trimmed Means 12.4. Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes for Contrasts • Confidence Interval • Effect Size 12.5. Reporting Results 12.6. Post Hoc Comparisons • Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) Procedure • The Studentized Range Statistic (q) 12.7. Tukey's Test • Unequal Sample Sizes and Heterogeneity of Variance • Other Range-Based Tests • Benjamini–Hochberg Test 12.8. Which Test? 12.9. Computer Solutions 12.10. Trend Analysis • Alcohol and Aggression • Unequal Intervals 13. Factorial Analysis of Variance • Notation 13.1. An Extension of the Eysenck Study • Calculations • Interpretation 13.2. Structural Models and Expected Mean Squares 13.3. Interactions 13.4. Simple Effects • Calculation of Simple Effects • Interpretation • Additivity of Simple Effects 13.5. Analysis of Variance Applied to the Effects of Smoking 13.6. Comparisons Among Means 13.7. Power Analysis for Factorial Experiments 13.8. Alternative Experimental Designs • A Crossed Experimental Design with Fixed Variables • A Crossed Experimental Design with a Random Variable • Nested Designs • Calculation for Nested Designs • Summary 13.9. Measures of Association and Effect Size • r-Family Measures • Partial Effects • d-Family Measures • Simple Effects 13.10. Reporting the Results 13.11. Unequal Sample Sizes • The Problem 13.12. Higher-Order Factorial Designs • Variables Affecting Driving Performance • Simple Effects • Simple Interaction Effects 13.13. A Computer Example 14. Repeated-Measures Designs 14.1. The Structural Model 14.2. F Ratios 14.3. The Covariance Matrix 14.4. Analysis of Variance Applied to Relaxation Therapy 14.5. Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Repeated Measures Designs • Effect Sizes 14.6. Writing Up the Results 14.7. One Between-Subjects Variable and One Within-Subjects Variable • Partitioning the Between-Subjects Effects • Partitioning the Within-Subjects Effects • The Analysis • Assumptions • Adjusting the Degrees of Freedom • Simple Effects • Multiple Comparisons 14.8. Two Between-Subjects Variables and One Within-Subjects Variable • Simple Effects for Complex Repeated-Measures Designs 14.9. Two Within-Subjects Variables and One Between-Subjects Variable • An Analysis of Data on Conditioned Suppression 14.10. Intraclass Correlation 14.11. Other Considerations With Repeated Measures Analyses • Sequence Effects • Unequal Group Sizes • Matched Samples and Related Problems 14.12. Mixed Models for Repeated-Measures Designs • The Data 15. Multiple Regression 15.1. Multiple Linear Regression • The Regression Equation • Two Variable Relationships • Looking at One Predictor While Controlling for Another • The Multiple Regression Equation • Another Interpretation of Multiple Regression • A Final Way to Think of Multiple Regression • Review 15.2. Using Additional Predictors • Standardized Regression Coefficients 15.3. Standard Errors and Tests of Regression Coefficients 15.4. A Resampling Approach 15.5. Residual Variance 15.6. Distribution Assumptions 15.7. The Multiple Correlation Coefficient • Testing the Significance of R2 • Sample Sizes 15.8. Partial and Semipartial Correlation • Partial Correlation • Semipartial Correlation • Alternative Interpretation Partial and Semipartial Correlation • Why Do We Care About Partial and Semipartial Correlations? 15.9. Suppressor Variables 15.10. Regression Diagnostics • Diagnostic Plots • Comparing Models 15.11. Constructing a Regression Equation • Selection Methods • All Subsets Regression • Backward Elimination • Stepwise Regression • Cross-Validation • Missing Observations 15.12. The "Importance" of Individual Variables 15.13. Using Approximate Regression Coefficients 15.14. Mediating and Moderating Relationships • Mediation • An Alternative Approach Using Bootstrapping • Moderating Relationships 15.15. Logistic Regression [Continued in comments due to Goodreads character limit] ...more |
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2016.08.29–2016.11.24 The full Table of Contents surpassed the character limit of Goodreads' review box, so here it is without subtitles of depth >2: Co 2016.08.29–2016.11.24 The full Table of Contents surpassed the character limit of Goodreads' review box, so here it is without subtitles of depth >2: Contents Sommers-Flanagan J & Sommers-Flanagan R (2013) Clinical Interviewing (5e) DVD Contents Preface • Language Choices • • Patient or Client or Visitor • • Sex and Gender • • Interviewer, Psychotherapist, Counselor, or Therapist • What’s New in the Fifth Edition? • • Using the DVD That Comes With This Text • • Using the Online Instructor’s Manual and Ancillary Materials Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I: Becoming a Mental Health Professional 01. Introduction: Philosophy and Organization • Chapter Objectives • Welcome to the Journey • • Teaching Philosophy • • Learning Sequence • Theoretical Orientations • • Putting It in Practice 1.1: Why Learn Less-Directive Interviewing Skills? • • A Multicultural Orientation for Clinical Interviewing • • Three Principles of Multicultural Competence • • The Perfect Interviewer • Goals and Objectives of This Book • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 02. Foundations and Preparations • Chapter Objectives • Defining Clinical Interviewing • • The Nature of a Professional Relationship • • Client Motivation • • Collaborative Goal Setting • • Applying Listening Skills and Psychological Techniques • • Unique Interactions Between Therapist and Client • Self-Awareness • • Forms of Self-Awareness • The Physical Setting • • The Room • • Putting It in Practice 2.3: Staying in Control of the Interview Setting • • Seating Arrangements • • Office Clutter and Decor • • Note Taking • • Video and Audio Recording • Professional and Ethical Issues • • Self-Presentation • • Time • • Confidentiality • • Informed Consent • • Table 2.1: Confidentiality-Related Statements From the American Psychological Association’s (2010), American Counseling Association’s (2005), and National Association of Social Workers (2008) Ethics Codes • • Documentation Procedures • • Stress Management • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources Part II: Listening and Relationship Development 03. Basic Attending, Listening, and Action Skills • Chapter Objectives • Attending Behavior • • Positive Attending Behavior • • Negative Attending Behavior • • Putting It in Practice 3.1: Giving Constructive Feedback • • Individual and Cultural Differences • Moving Beyond Attending • • Table 3.1: Summary of Nondirective Listening Behaviors and Their Usual Effects • Nondirective Listening Behaviors • • Silence • • Paraphrase (or Reflection of Content) • • Clarification • • Reflection of Feeling • • Summarization • The Pull to Reassurance • Directive Listening Behaviors • • Feeling Validation • • Interpretive Reflection of Feeling • • Interpretation • • Confrontation • • Immediacy • • Table 3.2: Summary of Directive Listening Behaviors and Their Usual Effects • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 04. Directives: Questions and Action Skills • Chapter Objectives • Section One: Using General and Therapeutic Questions • • General Types of Questions • • Benefits and Liabilities of General Questions • • Therapist Curiosity and Professional Ethics • • Guidelines in Using General Questions • • Theory-Based Assessment and Therapeutic Questions • • Narrative and Solution-Focused Therapeutic Questions • Section Two: Directive Interviewing Techniques (AKA Directives) • • Readiness to Change • • Explanation or Psychoeducation • • Suggestion • • Agreement-Disagreement • • Approval-Disapproval • • Giving Advice • • Table 4.3: Summary of Directive Techniques and Their Usual Effects • • Putting It in Practice 4.3: A Little Advice on Giving Advice • • Self-Disclosure • • Urging • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 05. Evidence-Based Relationships • Chapter Objectives • Carl Rogers’s Core Conditions • • Congruence • • Unconditional Positive Regard • • Empathic Understanding • Evidence-Based Psychoanalytic and Interpersonal Relationship Concepts • • Transference • • Countertransference • • Therapeutic Alliance or Working Alliance • Additional Theoretical- and Evidence-Based Concepts Related to the Therapeutic Relationship • • Role Modeling: AKA Identification and Internalization • • Expertness (Credibility), Attractiveness, and Trustworthiness • • Mutuality • • The Client Is the Expert • Concluding Comments • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources Part III: Structuring and Assessment 06. An Overview of the Interview Process • Chapter Objectives • Structural Models • The Introduction: First Contact • • Telephone Contact • • Initial Face-to-Face Meeting • • Putting It in Practice 6.1: Standardized Introductions • • Establishing Rapport • • Putting the Client at Ease • • Personalismo and Cultural Connections • • Striking a Balance • • Educating Clients and Evaluating Their Expectations • The Opening • • The Therapist’s Opening Statement • • The Client’s Opening Response • • Evaluating Client Verbal Behavior During the Opening • • Multicultural Highlight 6.1: Where Does the Problem Reside: Exploring Society’s Contributions to Client Problems • • Table 6.2: Checklist for Opening Stage • The Body • • Sources of Clinical Judgment: Making Inferences • • Defining Psychological and Emotional Disorders • • Applying Interventions • The Closing • • Table 6.3: Checklist for Body Stage • • Reassuring and Supporting Your Client • • Summarizing Crucial Themes and Issues • • Providing an Initial Case Formulation • • Instilling Hope • • Guiding and Empowering Your Client • • Tying Up Loose Ends • Termination • • Watching the Clock • • Guiding or Controlling Termination • • Putting It in Practice 6.3: Interpreting and Understanding Doorknob Statements • • Facing Termination • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 07. Intake Interviewing and Report Writing • Chapter Objectives • What Is an Intake Interview? • Objectives of Intake Interviewing • • Identifying, Evaluating, and Exploring Client Problems and Goals • • Obtaining Background and Historical Information • • Evaluating Interpersonal Style • • Assessment of Current Functioning • • Reviewing Goals and Monitoring Change • Factors Affecting Intake Interviewing Procedures • • Client Registration Forms • • Institutional Setting • • Theoretical Orientation • • Professional Background and Professional Affiliation • Brief Intake Interviewing • • Obtaining Historical and Interpersonal Style Information • • A Brief Intake Checklist • The Intake Report • • Table 7.2: A Brief Intake Checklist • • Determining Your Audience • • Multicultural Highlight 7.1: Using Person-First and Constructive Language • • Putting It in Practice 7.3: The Intake Report Outline • • Choosing the Structure and Content of Your Report • • Current Situation and Functioning • • Writing Clearly and Concisely • • Keeping Your Report Confidential • • Sharing the Report With Your Client • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 08. The Mental Status Examination • Chapter Objectives • Objectivity • What Is a Mental Status Examination? • • Mental Status Examination Reports • The Generic Mental Status Examination • • Individual and Cultural Considerations • • The Danger of Single Symptom Generalizations • • Appearance • • Behavior or Psychomotor Activity • • Attitude Toward Examiner (Interviewer) • • Affect and Mood • • Speech and Thought • • Perceptual Disturbances • • Orientation and Consciousness • • Memory and Intelligence • • Reliability, Judgment, and Insight • When to Use Mental Status Examination • • Table 8.4: Mental Status Examination Checklist • • Multicultural Highlight 8.2: Cultural Differences in Mental Status • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 09. Suicide Assessment • Chapter Objectives • Personal Reactions to Suicide • Suicide Statistics • Suicide Risk Factors • • Putting It in Practice 9.1: Risk Factors, Acronyms, and the Evidence Base • • Mental Disorders and Psychiatric Treatment • • Social and Personal Factors • • Demographics: Sex, Age, Race, and Religion • • Putting It in Practice 9.1: Using a Comprehensive Checklist for a Thorough Suicide Assessment • Suicide Assessment Interviewing • • A Reformulation of Suicide Assessment Interviewing and Intervention • • A Constructive Critique • • Assessing for Depression • • Exploring Suicidal Ideation • • Assessing Suicide Plans • • Assessing Client Self-Control and Past or Familial Attempts • • Assessing Suicide Intent • Suicide Intervention • • Listening and Being Empathic • • Establishing a Therapeutic Relationship • • Suicide Prevention Contracts • • Safety Planning • • Identifying Alternatives to Suicide • • Separating the Psychic Pain From the Self • • Becoming Directive and Responsible • • Making Decisions About Hospitalization and Referral • Professional Issues • • Can You Work With Suicidal Clients? • • Consultation • • Documentation • • Dealing With Completed Suicides • • Concluding Comments • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 10. Diagnosis and Treatment Planning • Chapter Objectives • Principles of Psychiatric Diagnosis • • Defining Mental Disorders • • Why Diagnose? • • Specific Diagnostic Criteria • • Assessment and Diagnosis Problems • Diagnostic Assessment: Methods and Procedures • • Diagnostic Interviewing • The Science of Clinical Interviewing: Diagnostic Reliability and Validity • A Balanced Approach to Conducting Diagnostic Clinical Interviews • • Introduction and Role Induction • • Reviewing Client Problems • • Client Personal History • • Mental Status Examination • • Current Situation • Treatment Planning • • Choosing Effective Treatments • • Factors to Consider • • Case Formulation and Treatment Planning: A Cognitive-Behavioral Example • • Multicultural Adaptations • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources Part IV: Interviewing Special Populations 11. Interviewing in a Diverse and Multicultural World • Chapter Objectives • • Facing a Multicultural World • • Therapist, Know Thyself • Four Large Worldviews • • First Nation Peoples Cultures • • Black or African American Cultures • • Hispanic/Latina/o American Cultures • • Asian American Cultures • Other Diverse Client Populations • • Putting It in Practice 11.5: Considerations When Interviewing Immigrants • • Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People • • Persons With Disabilities • • The Religiously Committed • Cultural Complexities and Identities • Assessment and Culture-Bound Syndromes • • Culture-Bound Syndromes • • Table 11.1: Dos and Don’ts of Initial Interviews With Multicultural Clients • • Table 11.2: Culturally Specific Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders • Professional Considerations • • Use Multiple Sources for Cultural Consultation and Education • • Considerations in Small Communities • • Considerations for Professionals From Other Cultural Backgrounds • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 12. Challenging Clients and Demanding Situations • Chapter Objectives • Challenging Clients • • Defining and Exploring Resistance • • Interviewing Clients With Substance Issues or Problems • • Facilitating Change: Using Motivational Interviewing Strategies and Techniques • • Assessment and Prediction of Violence and Dangerousness • Demanding Situations: Crisis and Trauma • • Interviewing in Difficult Situations • • Table 12.2: A General Guide to Violence Assessment • • Disaster Intervention Guidelines: Psychological First Aid • • Professional Responsibilities • • Interviewing Trauma Survivors • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 13. Interviewing and Working With Young Clients • Chapter Objectives • Considerations in Working With Children • The Introduction • • Preparation and Planning • • First Contact • • Putting It in Practice 13.1: A Checklist to Prepare for First Contact • The Opening • • First Impressions • • Office Management and Personal Attire • • Discussing Confidentiality and Informed Consent • • Multicultural Highlight 13.1: Individualizing Introductory Statements With Young Clients • • Handling Referral and Background Information • • Wishes and Goals • • Assessing Parents or Caretakers • • Discussing Assessment and Therapy Procedures • The Body of the Interview • • Meeting Separately With Parents or Caretakers • • User-Friendly Assessment and Information-Gathering Strategies • • General Considerations for the Body of the Interview • The Closing • • Reassuring and Supporting Young Clients • • Summarizing, Clarifying, and Engaging • • Empowering Young Clients and Soliciting Feedback • • Tying Up Loose Ends • Termination • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 14. Principles and Tips for Interviewing Couples and Families • Chapter Objectives • Some Ironies of Interviewing Couples and Families • • More Clients, Less Time • • Defining the Word “Couple” • • Defining Families • • The Generic Interview • Interviewing Stages and Tasks • • The Introduction • • The Opening • • The Body • • The Closing • Special Considerations • • Identifying, Managing, and Modifying Conflict • • Diversity Issues • • Shifting From Individual to Couple or Family Therapy • • Identification, Projection, Joining, and Avoiding • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources 15. Interviewing in Online and Other Non–Face-to-Face (Non-FtF) Environments • Chapter Objectives • Technology as an Extension of the Self • • What’s the Same and What’s Different? • • Definition of Terms and Communication Modalities • Non-FtF Assessment and Intervention Research • • The Therapeutic Alliance (Relationship) • • Treatment Outcomes • Ethical and Practical Issues: Problems and Solutions • • The Interviewer Doesn’t Have Access to Nonverbal Cues • • There’s Increased Potential for Clients to Misrepresent Themselves • • Mental Health Provider Credentials May Be Absent • • Increased Potential for Immediate and Explicit Disclosure • • Putting It in Practice 15.1: Online Counseling: Ethics and Reality • • Emergency Response Procedures From a Distance Are Complex and Anxiety-Provoking • • New and Significant Limitations on Confidentiality • • Parental Consent to Work Directly With Minor Clients Can Be Problematic • • The General Solution: Informed Consent • Conducting Online or Non-FtF Interviews • • Preparation • • Multicultural Issues • Summary • Suggested Readings and Resources Appendix: Extended Mental Status Examination—Interviewing Protocol • Preparation • • Materials Needed • • The Importance of Small Talk • • Introducing the Assessment Protocol • MSE Categories • • Orientation and Consciousness • • Immediate Memory • • Attention and Calculation • • Intermediate or Remote Memory • • Mood and Affect • • Intermediate Memory Recall • • Speech and Thought • • Perceptual Disturbances • • Cognitive Skills (Intelligence), Abstract Thinking, and Social Judgment • • Insight and Reliability • • Appearance • • Behavior or Psychomotor Activity • • Attitude Toward the Examiner (and Examination) • • Evaluating and Communicating Results References Author Index Subject Index About the DVD ...more |
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2016.01.22–2016.03.06 Contents Plomin R, DeFries JC, Knopik VS, & Neiderhiser JM (2012) Behavioral Genetics (6e) 01. Overview 02. Mendel's Laws of Heredit 2016.01.22–2016.03.06 Contents Plomin R, DeFries JC, Knopik VS, & Neiderhiser JM (2012) Behavioral Genetics (6e) 01. Overview 02. Mendel's Laws of Heredity • Mendel's First Law of Heredity • • Box 2.1: Gregor Mendel's Luck • • Huntington Disease • • Phenylketonuria • • Box 2.2: How Do We Know That 1 in 50 People Are Carriers for PKU? • Mendel's Second Law of Heredity 03. Beyond Mendel's Laws • Genes on the X Chromosome • Other Exceptions to Mendel's Laws • • New Mutations • • Changes in Chromosomes • • Expanded Triplet Repeats • • Genomic Imprinting • Complex Traits • • Schizophrenia • • General Cognitive Ability • • Pea Size • Multiple-Gene Inheritance • Quantitative Genetics • • Box 3.1: Liability–Threshold Model of Disorders 04. DNA: The Basis of Heredity • DNA • • Box 4.1: The "Central Dogma" of Molecular Genetics • Chromosomes 05. Animal Models in Behavioral Genetics • Quantitative Genetic Experiments to Investigate Animal Behavior • • Selection Studies • • Inbred Strain Studies • Animal Studies for Identifying Genes and Gene Functions • • Creating Mutations • • Quantitative Trait Loci • • Synteny Homology 06. Nature, Nurture, and Human Behavior • Investigating the Genetics of Human Behavior • • Adoption Designs • • Box 6.1: The First Adoption Study of Schizophrenia • • Box 6.2: Issues in Adoption Studies • • Twin Design • • Box 6.3: The Twin Method • • Combination 07. Estimating Genetic and Environmental Influences • Heritability • Interpreting Heritability • • Box 7.1: Estimating Quantitative Genetic Parameters Directly from DNA • Environmentality • • Shared Environment • • Nonshared Environment • • Estimating Shared and Nonshared Environmental Influences • • Identifying Specific Nonshared Environment • • Identifying Specific Nonshared Environment That Predicts Behavioral Outcomes • Multivariate Analysis 08. The Interplay between Genes and Environment • Beyond Heritability • Genotype-Environment Correlation • • The Nature of Nurture • • Three Types of Genotype-Environment Correlation • • Three Methods to Detect Genotype-Environment Correlation • • Implications • Genotype-Environment Interaction • • Animal Models • • Adoption Studies • • Twin Studies • • DNA 09. Identifying Genes • Mutations • Detecting Polymorphisms • • Box 9.1: DNA Markers • Human Behavior • • Linkage: Single-Gene Disorders • • Linkage: Complex Disorders • • Association: Candidate Genes • • Box 9.2: Affected Sib-Pair Linkage Design • • Association: Genomewide • • Box 9.3: SNP Microarrays 10. Pathways between Genes and Behavior • Box 10.1: Levels of Analysis • Gene Expression and the Role of Epigenetics • The Transcriptome: Gene Expression throughout the Genome • • Gene Expression Profiles: RNA Microarrays and Sequence-Based Approaches • • Genetical Genomics • • Gene Expression as a Biological Basis for Environmental Influence • The Proteome: Proteins Coded throughout the Transcriptome • • The Brain • • Box 10.2: Endophenotypes • • Learning and Memory 11. Cognitive Disabilities • General Cognitive Disability: Quantitative Genetics • General Cognitive Disability: Single-Gene Disorders • • Phenylketonuria • • Fragile X Syndrome • • Rett Syndrome • • Other Single-Gene Disorders • General Cognitive Disability: Chromosomal Abnormalities • • Down Syndrome • • Sex Chromosome Abnormalities • Specific Cognitive Disabilities • • Reading Disability • • DF Extremes Analysis • • Communication Disorders • • Mathematics Disability • • Comorbidity among Specific Cognitive Disabilities • Dementia 12. General Cognitive Ability • Historical Highlights • • Animal Research • • Box 12.1: Francis Galton • • Human Research • Overview of Genetic Research • • Genetic Influence • • Environmental Influence • • Assortative Mating • • Nonadditive Genetic Variance • Developmental Research • • Does Heritability Change during Development? • • Do Genetic Factors Contribute to Developmental Change? • Identifying Genes 13. Specific Cognitive Abilities • Broad Factors of Specific Cognitive Abilities • Multivariate Genetic Analysis • Information-Processing Measures • Working Memory Model • Imaging Genetics • School Achievement • Identifying Genes 14. Schizophrenia • Family Studies • • Box 14.1: The Beginnings of Psychiatric Genetics: Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals • Twin Studies • Adoption Studies • Schizophrenia or Schizophrenias? • Identifying Genes 15. Other Adult Psychopathology • Mood Disorders • • Family Studies • • Twin Studies • • Adoption Studies • • Identifying Genes • Anxiety Disorders • Other Disorders • Co-Occurrence of Disorders • • Identifying Genes 16. Developmental Psychopathology • Autism • • Family and Twin Studies • • Identifying Genes • Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders • • Twin Studies • • Identifying Genes • Anxiety Disorders • Other Disorders • Overview of Twin Studies of Childhood Disorders 17. Personality and Personality Disorders • Self-Report Questionnaires • Other Measures of Personality • Other Findings • • Situations • • Development • • Nature-Nurture Interplay • Personality and Social Psychology • • Relationships • • Self-Esteem • • Attitudes and Interests • • Behavioral Economics • Personality Disorders • • Schizotypal Personality Disorders • • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder • • Antisocial Personality Disorder and Criminal Behavior • Identifying Genes 18. Substance Use Disorders • Alcohol Dependence • • Twin and Adoption Research on Alcohol-Related Phenotypes • • Animal Research on Alcohol-Related Phenotypes • • Molecular Genetic Research on Alcohol-Related Phenotypes • Nicotine Dependence • • Twin Research on Smoking-Related Phenotypes • • Molecular Genetic Research on Smoking-Related Phenotypes • Other Drugs • Complexities of Studying the Genetics of Substance Use 19. Health Psychology and Aging • Health Psychology • • Body Weight and Obesity • • Subjective Well-Being and Health • Psychology and Aging • Health Psychology and Genetic Counseling • • Box 19.1: Genetic Counseling 20. Evolution and Behavior • Charles Darwin • Inclusive Fitness • Population Genetics • Evolutionary Genomics • Evolutionary Psychology • • Instincts • • Empirical Evidence • • Box 20.1: Mate Preference and the Major Histocompatibility Complex • • Box 20.2: Mate Selection for Facial Characteristics 21. The Future of Behavioral Genetics • Quantitative Genetics • Molecular Genetics • Implications of Nature and Nurture Appendix: Statistical Methods in Behavioral Genetics • Quantitative Genetics • Molecular Genetics Web Sites Glossary References Name Index Subject Index ...more |
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2016.01.02–2016.01.17 Contents McAdams DP (2014) Person, The - An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology Part I: The Background: Persons, 2016.01.02–2016.01.17 Contents McAdams DP (2014) Person, The - An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology Part I: The Background: Persons, Human Nature, and Culture 01. Studying the Person • What Do We Know When We Know a Person? • • Sketching an Outline: Dispositional Traits • • Filling in the Details: Characteristic Adaptations • • Constructing a Story: Integrative Life Narratives • Science and the Person • • Step 1: Unsystematic Observation • • Step 2: Building Theories • • Step 3: Evaluating Propositions • • • Setting Up an Empirical Study • • • The Correlational Design • • • The Experimental Design • Personality Psychology • • The Past and the Present • • • Feature 1.A: Gordon Allport and the Origins of Personality Psychology 02. Evolution and Human Nature • On Human Nature: Our Evolutionary Heritage • • Principles of Evolution • • The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness • • • Feature 2.A: The Evolution of Religion • • The Adapted Mind • • Mating • • Getting Along and Getting Ahead • • • Feature 2.B: Some Women (and Men) Are Choosier Than Others: Sociosexuality • Hurting, Helping, and Loving: Three Faces of Human Nature • • Aggression • • Altruism • • Attachment 03. Social Learning and Culture • Behaviorism and Social-Learning Theory • • American Environmentalism: The Behaviorist Tradition • • Expectancies and Values • • Bandura's Social-Learning Theory • • • Observational Learning • • • Self-Efficacy • The Social Ecology of Human Behavior • • • Feature 3.A: How Should Parents Raise Their Children? • • Microcontexts: The Social Situation • • Macrocontexts: Social Structure • • Culture • • • Individualism and Collectivism • • • Modernity • • • Feature 3.B: Race and Personality in the United States • • History Part II: Sketching the Outline: Dispositional Traits and the Prediction of Behavior 04. Personality Traits: Fundamental Concepts and Issues • The Idea of Trait • • What Is a Trait? • • A Brief History of Traits • • • Gordon Allport • • • Raymond B. Cattell • • • Hans Eysenck • • The Big Five and Related Models • • • Feature 4.A: What is Your Type? The Scientific Status of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator • Measuring Traits • • Constructing a Trait Measure • • Criteria of a Good Measure • • Trait Inventories • • • Feature 4.B: Narcissism: The Trait of Excessive Self-Love • • Personality Traits and Personality Disorders • The Controversy Over Traits • • Mischel's Critique • • Aggregating Behaviors • • Interactionism • • • Persons versus Situations versus Interactions • • • Reciprocal Interactionism • • • Traits as Conditional Statements 05. Five Basic Traits – In the Brain and in Behavior • E: Extraversion • • Social Behavior and Cognitive Performance • • Feeling Good • N: Neuroticism • • • Feature 5.A: Extreme Sports and the Sensation-Seeking Trait • • The Many Ways to Feel Bad • • Stress and Coping • • • Feature 5.B: Are We Living in the Age of Anxiety? • Extraversion and Neuroticism in the Brain • • Eysenck and the Theory of Arousal • • The Behavioral Approach System • • The Behavioral Inhibition System • • Left and Right • O: Openness to Experience • • Correlates of O • • The Authoritarian Personality • C and A: Conscientiousness and Agreeableness • • Work • • Love • • Life • • • Feature 5.C: Eysenck's Psychoticism: Low A, Low C, and Some Other Bad Things 06. Continuity and Change in Traits: The Roles of Genes, Environments, and Time • The Continuity of Traits • • Two Kinds of Continuity • • Differential Continuity in the Adult Years • • Childhood Precursors: From Temperament to Traits • The Origins of Traits: Genes and Environments • • The Logic of Twin and Adoption Studies • • Heritability Estimates of Traits • • Shared Environment • • Nonshared Environment • • • Feature 6.A: A Nonshared Environmental Effect • • How Genes Shape Environments • • Gene x Environment Interactions: New Findings from Neuroscience • Change and Complexity • • Different Meanings of Change • • Trait Change in the Adult Years • • Patterns of Traits Over Time • • What Else Might Change? • • • Feature 6.B: Happiness Over the Human Lifespan Part III: Filling in the Details: Characteristic Adaptations to Life Tasks 07. Motives and Goals: What Do We Want in Life? • The Psychoanalytic View • • The Unconscious • • • Feature 7.A: Sigmund Freud and the Birth of Psychoanalysis • • • Repression and Repressors • • • The Ego's Defenses • The Humanistic View • • Carl Rogers's Theory • • Abraham Maslow's Psychology of Being • • Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination Theory • The Diversity View • • Henry Murray's Theory of Needs • • The TAT and the PSE • • Achievement Motivation • • Power Motivation • • Intimacy Motivation • • Implicit and Self-Attributed Motives • • Personalized Goals 08. Self and Other: Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality • The Psychology of Personal Contructs • • George Kelly's Theory • • Exploring Personal Constructs: The Rep Test • Cognitive Styles and Personality • • Field Independence–Dependence • • Integrative Complexity • Social-Cognitive Theory and the Person • • • Feature 8.A: Religious Values and Personality • • Social Intelligence • • Self-Schemas • • Possible Selves: What I Might Be; What I Might Have Been • • Discrepancies Among Selves • • Schemas, Attributions, and Explanatory Style: The Case of Depression • • • Feature 8.B: The Positive Psychology of Virtue: Gratitude as an Example • • Mental Representations of Others: Attachment in Adulthood 09. Developmental Stages and Tasks • Martin Luther's Identity Crisis • Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development • • Developmental Stages in Childhood • • • Feature 9.A: Early Object Relations • • The Problem of Identity • • • Adolescence and Young Adulthood • • • Identity Statuses • • • Identity and Intimacy • • Generativity and Adult Development • • • A Model of Generativity • • • Individual Differences in Generativity • • • Integrity • Jane Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development • • Stages of the Ego • • • The Infant • • • The Child • • • The Adolescent • • • The Adult • • Measuring Ego Development Part IV: Making a Life: The Stories We Live By 10. Life Scripts, Life Stories • The Meaning of Stories • • The Narrating Mind • • Healing and Integration • Feeling and Story: Tomkin's Script Theory • • Affects • • Scenes and Scripts • • • Basic Concepts • • • Types of Scripts • Narrative Identity • • Development of the Life Story • • • Feature 10.A: Time and Story in Bali • • Culture and Narrative • • Story Themes and Episodes • • Types of Stories • • What Is a Good Story? • • • Feature 10.B: When Did Identity Become a Problem? 11. The Interpretation of Stories: From Freud to Today • Freudian Interpretation • • The Story of Oedipus • • A Case of Oedipal Dynamics: The Death of Yukio Mishima • • The Case of Dora • • • Feature 11.A: An Alternative Take on Oedipus: Chodorow's Gender Theory • • • Two Traumatic Events • • • The Dream of the Jewel-Case • • • Dora Revisited • • Principles of Interpretation • • • Text and Treaty • • • Manifest and Latent • • • Symptoms and Everyday Life • The Jungian Approach: Myth and Symbol • • A Collective Unconscious • • Individuation and the Heroic Quest • • Interpreting a Dream Series • Adler: Beginnings and Endings • • Individual Psychology • • The Earliest Memory • • Fictional Finalism • Lives as Texts • • Hermans's Dialogical Self • • Music and Story: Gregg's Approach • • The Postmodern Self • • Feminist Perspectives 12. Writing Stories of Lives: Biography and Life Course • Icarus: An Ancient Story • Personology and the Study of Lives • • Murray and the Harvard Psychological Clinic • • The Personological Tradition • • Science and the Single Case • Biography, Narrative, and Lives • • Psychobiography • • • Feature 12.A: Studying Famous People in History • • • Feature 12.B: Why Did van Gogh Cut Off His Ear? • • The Seasons of Adult Life • • The Life Course Glossary References Credits Name Index Subject Index ...more |
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2016.01.18–2016.02.06 Contents Baumgardner S & Crothers M (2008) Positive Psychology 01. What is Positive Psychology? • Traditional Psychology • • Why the 2016.01.18–2016.02.06 Contents Baumgardner S & Crothers M (2008) Positive Psychology 01. What is Positive Psychology? • Traditional Psychology • • Why the Negative Focus? • • • Negative Aspects Perceived as More Authentic and "Real" • • • Negatives as More Important • • • The Disease Model • Positive Psychology • • Health Psychology • • Focus on Research: Living Longer Through Positive Emotions–The Nun Study • • Clinical Psychology • • Developmental Psychology • • Survey Research and Subjective Well-Being • • Social/Personal Psychology and the Psychology of Religion • Positive Psychology: Assumptions, Goals, and Definitions • • Life Above Zero • • Culture and the Meaning of a Good Life • • Why Now? • Two Final Notes • • Positive Psychology Is Not Opposed to Psychology • • Positive Psychology and the Status Quo 02. The Meaning and Measure of Happiness • Why a Psychology of Well-Being? • • Objective versus Subjective Measures • • Negative versus Positive Functioning • What is Happiness? Two Traditions • • Hedonic Happiness • • Eudaimonic Happiness • • Focus on Research: Positive Affect and a Meaningful Life • Subjective Well-Being: The Hedonic Basis of Happiness • • Measuring Subjective Well-Being • • Life Satisfaction • • Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Happiness • • Focus on Research: Is Your Future Revealed in Your Smile? • • Issues in the Study of Affect • • Global Measures of Happiness • • Reliability and Validity of Subjective Well-Being Measures • • Experience Sampling Method • • Focus on Method: How Do We Spend Our Time? • • • The Day Reconstruction Method • • Experience Sampling versus Global Measures of Subjective Well-Being • Self-Realization: The Eudaimonic Basis of Happiness • • Psychological Well-Being and Positive Functioning • • • Emotional Well-Being • • • Psychological Well-Being • • • Social Well-Being • • Need Fulfillment and Self-Determination Theory • • Focus on Research: What Makes a "Good" Day? • Comparing Hedonic and Eudaimonic Views of Happiness • • Definition and Causes of Happiness and Well-Being • • Complementarity and Interrelationship 03. Positive Emotions and Well-Being • What are Positive Emotions? • • Focus on Theory: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions • • • Positive Emotions Broaden Our Thought-Action Repertoires • • • Positive Emotions Undo Negative Emotions • • • Positive Emotions Enhance Resilience • • • Positive Emotions Build Enduring Resources and Improve Well-Being • Positive Emotions and Health Resources • • Physical Resources • • Psychological Resources • • • Positive Emotions and Coping with Stress • • Focus on Application: Finding the Positive in the Negative • • • Positive Reappraisal • • • Problem-Focused Coping • • • Infusing Ordinary Activities with Positive Meaning • • • Positive Traits and Health • • Social Resources • • The Limits of Positive Emotions • Positive Emotions and Well-Being • • Happiness and Positive Behaviors • • Positive Emotions and Success • • Positive Emotions and Flourishing • • • A General Theory of Positivity? • Cultivating Positive Emotions • • Flow Experiences • • Savoring 04. Resilience • What is Resilience? • • Developmental Perspectives • • Clinical Perspectives • Resilience Research �� • Sources of Resilience • • The Dangers of Blaming the Victim • • Sources of Resilience in Children • • Focus on Research: Resilience Among Disadvantaged Youth • • Sources of Resilience in Adulthood and Later Life • • Successful Aging • Growth Through Trauma • • Negative Effects of Trauma • • Positive Effects of Trauma • • Explanations for Growth Through Trauma • • Focus on Research: In their Own Words–Making Sense of Loss 05. Happiness and the Facts of Life • Happiness Across the Life Span • • Focus on Research: Happiness and Where We Live • • Stability in Well-Being Despite Life Changes • • • Temperament and Subjective Well-Being • • • Frequency, Intensity, and Balance of Positive and Negative Emotions • • • Measurement and Definitional Issues • • • The Shifting Basis of Life Satisfaction • Gender and Happiness • • Gender Differences in Emotional Experience • • • Negative Emotions • • • Positive Moods and Behaviors • • Explaining the Paradox of Gender • Marriage and Happiness • • Benefits of Marriage • • Selection Effects • • Focus on Research: Are We Still Happy After the Honeymoon? • • Gender Differences in the Benefits of Marriage • Other Facts of Life • • Physical and Mental Health • • Work and Unemployment • • Intelligence and Education • • Religion • • Race, Ethnicity, and Stigma 06. Money, Happiness and Culture • "The Paradox of Affluence" • Well-Being Across Nations • • Between-Nations Comparisons • • Within-Nation Comparisons • Interpreting National Comparisons • Understanding Money and Happiness • • Focus on Research: Do Happy People Make More Money? • • Why Doesn't Money Matter More? • • • Genetics, Personality, and Relationships • • • Adaptation and the Hedonic Treadmill • • Focus on Research: Adaptation to Extreme Events–Lottery Winners and Accident Victims • • • Rising Expectations and the "Tyranny of the Unnecessary" • • • Social Comparisons • • • Excessive Materialism • The Meaning of Happiness: Relative or Universal? • Culture and Well-Being • • The Self in Individualistic and Collectivist Cultures • • Culture and the Meaning of Happiness • • The American-Individualistic Style of Happiness • • The Asian-Collectivist Style of Happiness • • • Cultural Ideals • • • Emotional Expressiveness • • • Group Pride and Sensitivity • • • Self-Critical Attitudes • • • False Humility or Social Sensitivity? 07. Personal Goals as Windows to Well-Being • Goals Connect "Having" and "Doing" • What are Personal Goals? • • Defining Personal Goals • • Goals and Related Motivational Concepts • • Measuring Personal Goals • • Goal Organization • The Search for Universal Human Motives • • Goals and the Fulfillment of Basic Human Needs • • Focus on Research: An Empirical Method for Assessing Universal Needs • • Goals Expressing Fundamental Values • • Personal Goals Across Cultures • • • Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Goals • • • Physical versus Self-Transcendent Goals • The Personalization of Goals in Self-Concept • What Goals Contribute Most to Well-Being? • • Goal Progress, Achievement, and Importance • • The Matching Hypothesis • • What Explains the Matching Hypothesis? • • • Personal Goals and Self-Realization • • • Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Goals • • • Autonomous versus Controlled Motivation • • Focus on Research: Happiness and Success in College • Materialism and Its Disconcents • • Why Are Materialists Unhappy? • • • The Content of Materialistic Goals • • • The What and Why of Materialistic Goals • • • Compensation for Insecurity • • Why Do People Adopt Materialistic Values? • • • Consumer Culture • • • Psychological Insecurity • • • Materialism and Death • • Affluence and Materialism • • Are We All Materialists? 08. Self-Regulation and Control • The Value of Self-Control • Personal Goals and Self-Regulation • • Control Theory • • Self-Discrepancy Theory • Planning for Self-Regulation Success • • Focus on Research: Planning Makes a Difference • • Why Planning Helps • • • Automatic Activation of Goal Behaviors • • • Conserving Self-Control Resources • • Commitment and Confidence • Goals That Create Self-Regulation Problems • • Approach versus Avoidance Goals • • • Why Avoidance Goals are Difficult to Regulate • • Goal Conflict • • "Trivial Pursuits" and "Magnificent Obsessions" • • Focus on Theory: Thinking About the Meaning of Our Actions • • • Individual Differences in Goal Level Identification • • Goal Difficulty • • The Ironic Effects of Mental Control • • • Mental Load and the Paradoxes of Control • Everyday Explanations for Self-Control Failure • • Excuses • • • What Makes a Good Excuse? • • • Advantages of Excuses • • • Disadvantages of Excuses • • Irresistible Impulses • • • Beliefs About Self-Control • • • Activation of Impulsive and Reflective Control Systems • • • Individual Differences in Self-Control • • • Resisting Temptations • • Focus on Research: The Costs and Benefits of Procrastination • Goal Disengagement 09. Positive Traits • What Makes a Trait Positive? • Personality, Emotions, and Biology • • Positive and Negative Affectivity • • Genetics and Happiness • • Personality and Happiness: The "Big Five" • • • Teasing Out Cause and Effect • • • Personality and Eudaimonic Well-Being • • Neurobiology and Approach/Avoidance Motives • • Genetics and Change • Positive Beliefs • • The World Through Happy and Unhappy Eyes • • Self-Esteem • • • Self-Esteem and Happiness • • • Is Self-Esteem All You Need? • • • The Darker Side of Self-Esteem • • Personal Control • • Optimism • • • Dispositional Optimism • • • Optimism as Explanatory Style • • • How Optimism Works • • • Varieties of Optimism and Pessimism • • Focus on Research and Theory: Unresolved Issues in the Study of Optimism • • Positive Illusions 10. Virtue and Strengths of Character • Developing a Classification of Human Virtues • • Measuring Strengths of Character • Wisdom as a Foundational Strength and Virtue • • What is Wisdom? • • Theories of Wisdom • • • Balance Theory • • • Wisdom as Expert Knowledge in the Conduct of Life • • Wisdom in Action: The SOC Model of Effective Life Management • • Focus on Theory: Wisdom or Self-control as Master Virtues? • Transcendence: Religion and Spirituality • • The Search for Meaning • • Religion and Spirituality: The Diversity of Views • • Defining Religion and Spirituality • • Religion/Spirituality and Well-Being • • Religious Orientation • • • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religious Orientation • • • Quest Religious Orientation • • Attachment Theory and Relationship to God • • Styles of Religious Coping • • "Explaining Religion versus Explaining Religion Away" • Religion and Virtue • • Forgiveness • • Gratitude • • Focus on Research: Increasing Well-Being by Counting Your Blessings 11. Close Relationships and Well-Being • Defining Close Relationships • • Characteristics • • Exchange and Communal Relationships • On the Lighter Side • • Teasing and Humor • • Focus on Research: Sharing What Goes Right in Life • Friendship and Romantic Love • • Clarity of Rules • • Complexity of Feelings • • Expectations • Varieties of Love • • Passionate versus Companionate Love • • Triangular Theory of Love • Cultural Contexts of Love, Marriage, and Divorce • • Why Don't Marriages Last? • • • Increased Freedom and Decreased Constraints • • • Getting Married and Staying Married: Is Love the Answer? • • • Realism or Idealism? • • • Satisfaction and Conflict • What People Bring to Romantic Relationships • • Attachment Style • • Conflict and Communication Skills • • Focus on Research: The Power of the "Bad" • • Attributions • • Implicit Theories and Expectations • Food for Thought: Contours of a Happy Marriage • • What Can Happy Couples Tell Us? • • Humor and Compatibility References Index ...more |
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2016.04.06–2016.05.11 Contents Bremner JG & Wachs TD (eds.) (2010) Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development, The - Volume 1 - Basic Research (2e) L 2016.04.06–2016.05.11 Contents Bremner JG & Wachs TD (eds.) (2010) Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development, The - Volume 1 - Basic Research (2e) List of Contributors Introduction to Volume 1: Basic Research (J. Gavin Bremner and Theodore D. Wachs) 01. Historical Reflections on Infancy (Alan Fogel) • Prehistory of Infancy: 1.6 Million to 10,000 Years Ago • Early Civilizations: 8,000 BCE–300 CE • Middle Ages and Renaissance: Third Century to Sixteenth Century • The Enlightenment: Seventeenth Century to Nineteenth Century • The Recent Past: Twentieth Century • The Twenty-First Century and Beyond Part I: Perceptual and Cognitive Development 02. Visual Perception (Alan Slater, Patricia Riddell, Paul C. Quinn, Olivier Pascalis, Kang Lee, and David J. Kelly) • Introduction • Theoretical Overview • Sensory and Perceptual Functioning • • Anatomical differences in the neonatal eye • • Eye movements, scanning, and fixations • • Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity • • Perception of motion and color • • Perception of depth • • The role of experience in visual development • Visual Organization in Early Infancy • • Cortical functioning at birth • • Shape and size constancy • • Form perception • • Biomechanical motion • • Subjective contours and Gestalt organizational principles • • Overview • Face Perception • • Is there an innate representation of the human face? • • • Imitation • • • Infants prefer attractive faces • • • Overview • • Early experience and learning • Object Perception • • Object segregation • • Perception of object unity • Emerging Questions, Paradigms, Issues • • The relationship between neural structures and visual development • • The role of action in visual development • • Early representation and thinking • Conclusions 03. Auditory Development (Denis Burnham and Karen Mattock) • The Nature of the Auditory System • • Auditory and visual senses • • The auditory system • • • Structure and function of the auditory system • • • Anatomical development of the auditory system • • • Pre- and perinatal auditory function • • • The auditory world of the preterm infant • • Postnatal auditory development • • Development of monaural abilities • • • Infants' sensitivity to temporal information • • • Infants' sensitivity to intensity variations • • • Infants' sensitivity to frequency variations • • • Infants' detection of sound using frequency and intensity cues • • Development of binraural abilities – auditory localization in infancy • Growing Up in an Auditory World • • Spotlight on perception of speech • • • Speech perception in newborns; special mode or determined by the auditory system? • • • The influence of the language environment on speech perception • • Spotlight on perception of music • • • Temporal relations: Tempo, rhythm, and meter • • • Spectral properties: consonance/dissonance, harmony • Hearing Loss, Diagnosis, Screening, and Intervention • • Hearing loss • • • Risk factors and classification of hearing loss • • Hearing screening and intervention • • • Behavioral observation audiometry and visual reinforcement audiometry • • • Measures of hearing: Otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem responses • • • Tympanometry • • Intervention and amplification considerations for infants with hearing loss • Conclusions and Future Directions 04. Intermodal Perception and Selective Attention to Intersensory Redundancy: Implications for Typical Social Development and Autism (Lorraine E. Bahrick) • Introduction • Selective Attention: The Underappreciated Foundation for Perception, Learning and Memory in a Dynamic, Multimodal Environment • Intermodal Perception: Definitions, Issues, and Questions • • Amodal versus modality-specific information • • Selecting relevant, cohesive, multimodal events • • Increasing specificity in the development of intersensory perception: Synchrony as the gatekeeper for intermodal processing • • Intersensory redundancy • The Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (IRH) • • Prediction 1: Intersensory facilitation (A > C, figure 4.2) • • Prediction 2: Unimodal facilitation (C > B, figure 4.2) • • Predictions 1 and 2 integrated: Attentional biases and salience hierarchies as mechanisms of developmental change • • Prediction 3: Developmental improvement in attention: Attenuation of facilitation effects • • Prediction 4: Facilitation across development: Task difficulty and expertise • • Significance and broader implications of the IRH for development • The Role of Intersensory Redundancy in Social Development: Perception of Faces, Voices, Speech, and Emotion • • "Social orienting" in infancy promotes typical development • • The salience of intersensory redundancy promotes social orienting in infancy • • Intersensory redundancy: A foundation for typical social development • • • Prenatal origins of intersensory responsiveness • • • Intermodal proprioceptive-visual information and self-perception • • • Identifying speakers, differentiating speech, and learning words: The critical role of intersensory redundancy • • • Intermodal dyadic synchrony and social development • • • Perceiving emotion and prosody: The critical role of intersensory redundancy • • • Discriminating faces and voices relies on detection of modality-specific information • Lessons from Atypical Development • • Social orienting impairments in autism • • Intersensory processing impairment: An hypothesis for autism • • Benefits of integrating basic research across typical and atypical development • Conclusions and Future Directions: Toward a More Integrated, Ecologically Relevant Model of Perceptual Development 05. Action in Infancy – Perspectives, Concepts, and Challenges (Ad W. Smitsman and Daniela Corbetta) • The Study of Action • • Five reasons to study action • The Action Problem • Complex Systems • Mass Spring Systems • Propensities for Solving the Action Problem • Perception–Action Coupling • Reaching and Grasping • • Prereaching • • Goal-directed reaching • • Bimanual coordination • • Grasping • Walking • Object Manipulation: Tool Use • Final Remarks 06. Cognitive Development: Knowledge of the Physical World (J. Gavin Bremner) • Theoretical Overview • • Research on young infants' object knowledge • • Perception of object unity • • Perception of trajectory continuity • • Violation of expectancy as a measure of infant knowledge • • Numerical identity and numerical knowledge • • • Numerical identity • • • Numerical knowledge • Interpreting the Evidence: Innate Cognitive Structure? • • Object identity • • Numerical knowledge • • Summary • Object Search and Object Knowledge • • Piaget's account • • Search failure • • The A not B search error • • • The role of action • • • Memory interference? • • • Spatial analyses • • • Locations as places of concealment • • • Action history • • • A neurophysiological account • • • A connectionist model of search errors • • • Problem-solving analyses • • • Conclusion • Challenges for Future Work • • Links between theories and pointers to developmental processes 07. Perceptual Categorization and Concepts (David H. Rakison) • What Are Concepts and Categories? • • The utility of concepts • Theoretical Views on Early Concept Formation • • The Smart Infant view: Specialized mechanisms for learning • • The Dumb Infant view: General mechanisms for learning • • Summary and predictions of the two views of concept development • The First Year of Life: Perceptual Categorization • • Methods for studying categorization in the first year of life • • Basic mechanisms for concept formation in the first year of life • • • Infants' ability to form prototypes (e.g., shapes, faces, animals) • • • Infants' sensitivity to correlated features • • • Infants' ability to form categories for real-world stimuli • The Second Year of Life: Going Beyond the Immediate Input? • • Methods for studying categorization in the second year of life • Primary Findings on Categorization in the Second Year of Life • • Infants' ability to use function to categorize • • The global to basic-level shift • • Using concepts for induction • Summary and Conclusions 08. Infant Learning and Memory (Carolyn Rovee-Collier and Rachel Barr) • Introduction • Research on Infant Learning and Memory • • Habituation • • Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning • • Operant conditioning • • Latent learning • • • Deferred imitation • • • Sensory preconditioning (SPC) • • • Potentiation • • • Video deficit effect • • Reminders • • • Reinstatement • • • Reactivation • Maturational Models of Infant Memory • • Multiple memory systems • • • Maturation or experience • • • Infantile amnesia • • Conclusions • Future Directions 09. Functional Brain Development during Infancy (Mark H. Johnson) • Theoretical Overview • Methods • Postnatal Brain Development: The First Two Years • Postnatal Brain Development and Behavioral Change • • Developing a social brain • • Developing a linguistic brain • • Frontal cortex development and the emergence of "cognitive control" • Emerging Issues Part II: Social Cognition, Communication, and Language 10. Emerging Self-Concept (Philippe Rochat) • Self and Language • Self-Knowledge without Language • The Self in Infancy • Different Views on the Origins of Self-Knowledge • Perceptual Origins of Self-Knowledge • Social Origins of Self-Knowledge • Origins of Self-Recognition and the Overcoming of the Mirror Paradox • Me and Mine: Coorigins of Self-Concept and Property Sense • Conclusion: Developing Objectification of the Self and Its Belongings • Related Issues 11. The Importance of Imitation for Theories of Social-Cognitive Development (Andrew N. Meltzoff and Rebecca A. Williamson) • Early Bodily Imitation and Social Interaction • Instrumental Imitation: Learning and Memory for Object-Directed Acts • Imitation from Television • Imitation of Peers • Regulating Imitation: Social and Causal Information • Regulating Imitation: Emotional Eavesdropping and Beyond the Dyad • Imitation, Goals, and Intentions • Enduring Theoretical Questions in Developmental Science • • Others "like me" • • Perception-production equivalence • • Neural mirroring systems and developmental social-cognitive neuroscience • • Roots of "theory of mind" • • Imitation and autism • The Future: Imitation and an Interdisciplinary Science of Learning 12. Engaging Minds in the First Year: The Developing Awareness of Attention and Intention (Vasudevi Reddy) • Does It Matter If We Have a Disembodied and Disembedded Conception of Mind? • What is Attention? • • Issues in the study of attention awareness • • Relating to others attending to oneself • • Relating to others attending to actions and body parts • • Relating to others attending to the external world • What are Intentions? • • Issues in explaining the developing awareness of intentions • • Relating to intentions directed towards the self • • Relating to intentions directed towards actions • • Relating to others' intentions directed towards external agents • Conclusion 13. Preverbal Communication (Andrew Lock and Patricia Zukow-Goldring) • Overview of Prelinguistic Period • The Course of Development • • Birth to 3 months • • From 3 months to 6 months • • From 6–9 months to 10 months • • From 9–10 months to 12 months • • Developments in the second year • Concluding Remarks 14. Early Language (George Hollich) • Foundational Skills • • Intermodal perception • • Social understanding • • Statistical learning • • Memory • Phonological Perception • Speech Stream Segmentation • Semantic Understanding • Individual Differences in Vocabulary Understanding • Grammatical Understanding • Speech Production • Early Language: Lessons Learned • • Lesson 1 • • Lesson 2 • • Lesson 3 Part III: Social-Emotional Development 15. Parent–Infant Interaction (Marc H. Bornstein and Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda) • Functions of Parent–Infant Interactions • Methodological Approaches to Studying Parent–Infant Interactions • • Cognitions and practices in parents • • Behaviors in infants • • Behaviors of the dyad • • Logistics of studying parent–infant interactions • The Nature of Parent–Infant Associations • • Generality versus specificity • • The temporal patterning of associations • The Ecological Contexts of Parent–Infant Interaction • • Infant effects • • Parental biology and psychological functioning • • Social support • • Socioeconomic status • • Cultural ideology • Conclusions 16. Attachment in Infancy (Germán Posada and Garene Kaloustian) • Introduction • • John Bowlby • • Mary Ainsworth • Some Key Characteristics of Attachment Theory • Central Constructs • • Attachment and attachment behavior • • Secure-base behavior • • Security • • Internal working models • • Quality of care • Predominant Methodologies • • The strange situation • • The Attachment Q-Set • • Assessment of caregiving • • • Ainsworth's scales • • • The Maternal Behavior Q-Set (MBQS) • The Development of Attachment • • Attachment in infancy • • Normative issues • • Individual differences in attachment relationships • • Quality of care and individual differences in attachment security • • Individual differences in sensitivity • Future Directions • Conclusions 17. Early Social Cognitive Skills at Play in Toddlers’ Peer Interactions (Hildy Ross, Marcia Vickar, and Michal Perlman) • Introduction • • Coordinated joint engagement • • Sensitivity to goals and intentions • • Similarities between self and others • • Motivation to engage other • Toddler–Peer Cooperative Play • • Early games with peers • • Peer imitation • • Prosocial peer interactions • Cooperative Problem Solving • Toddler–Peer Conflict • • The development or early conflict over possessions • • Rules of entitlement in toddler conflict • • The good, the bad, and the ugly • Establishing Special Relationships with Peers • • Conflict in peer friendships • Conclusions and Future Directions 18. Touch and Physical Contact during Infancy: Discovering the Richness of the Forgotten Sense (Dale M. Stack) • Overview • Importance of Touch • • Importance of touch for nonhuman species • • Importance of touch for human infants • Physical Contact between Parent and Newborn: The Benefits of Touch • Massage • Physical Contact beyond the Newborn Period: Adult–Infant Touching in Social Contexts • • Touching during mother–infant interactions: Face-to-face still-face studies • • Touch and multiple modalities • Patterns of Touching: Evidence for Exploratory, Regulatory, and Communicative Functions • • Patterns of touching during social interactions: Maternal • • Patterns of touching during social interactions: Infant • Touching in the Cultural Context and Father–Infant Touch • Conclusions: Challenges and Directions [Continued in comments due to Goodreads character limit] ...more |
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2016.03.06–2016.03.26 Contents Rubin KH, Bukowski WM, & Laursen B (eds.) (2009) Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups Part I: Introduc 2016.03.06–2016.03.26 Contents Rubin KH, Bukowski WM, & Laursen B (eds.) (2009) Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups Part I: Introduction: History and Theory 01. Critical Issues and Theoretical Viewpoints (Willard W. Hartup) 02. Trends, Travails, and Turning Points in Early Research on Children's Peer Relationships: Legacies and Lessons for Our Time? (Gary W. Ladd) Part II: Social Behaviors, Interactions, Relationships, and Groups: What Should Be Measured, How, and Why? 03. Children's Behaviors and Interactions with Peers (Richard A. Fabes, Carol Lynn Martin, and Laura D. Hanish) 04. Methods for Investigating Children's Relationships with Friends (Thomas J. Berndt and Melissa A. McCandless) 05. Sociometric Methods (Antonius H. N. Cillessen) 06. Assessment of the Peer Group: Identifying Naturally Occurring Social Networks and Capturing Their Effects (Thomas A. Kindermann and Scott D. Gest) Part III: Infancy and Early Childhood 07. The Beginnings of Peer Relations (Dale F. Hay, Marlene Caplan, and Alison Nash) 08. Peer Interactions and Play in Early Childhood (Robert J. Coplan and Kimberley A. Arbeau) 09. Social–Emotional Competence in Early Childhood (Linda Rose-Krasnor and Susanne Denham) 10. Friendship in Early Childhood (Carollee Howes) 11. Structural Descriptions of Social Transactions among Young Children: Affiliation and Dominance in Preschool Groups (Brian E. Vaughn and António José Santos) Part IV: Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence 12. Friendship as Process, Function, and Outcome (William M. Bukowski, Clairneige Motzoi, and Felicia Meyer) 13. The Behavioral Basis of Acceptance, Rejection, and Perceived Popularity (Steven R. Asher and Kristina L. McDonald) 14. Social Exclusion in Childhood and Adolescence (Melanie Killen, Adam Rutland, and Noah Simon Jampol) 15. Conflict in Peer Relationships (Brett Laursen and Gwen Pursell) 16. Aggression and Peer Relationships in School-Age Children: Relational and Physical Aggression in Group and Dyadic Contexts (Nicki R. Crick, Dianna Murray-Close, Peter E. L. Marks, and Nazanin Mohajeri-Nelson) 17. Avoiding and Withdrawing from the Peer Group (Kenneth H. Rubin, Julie C. Bowker, and Amy E. Kennedy) 18. Bullies, Victims, and Bully–Victim Relationships in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence (Christina Salmivalli and Kätlin Peets) 19. Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Experiences (Wyndol Furman and W. Andrew Collins) 20. Informal Peer Groups in Middle Childhood and Adolescence (B. Bradford Brown and Erin L. Dietz) Part V: Distal Correlates of Children's Peer Relationships 21. Sex Differences in Peer Relationships (Amanda J. Rose and Rhiannon L. Smith) 22. Race and Ethnicity in Peer Relations Research (Sandra Graham, April Z. Taylor, and Alice Y. Ho) 23. Neighborhood Context of Peer Relationships and Groups (Håkan Stattin and Margaret Kerr) 24. Peer Interactions and Relationships from a Cross-Cultural Perspective (Xinyin Chen, Janet Chung, and Celia Hsiao) Part VI: Proximal Correlates of Children's Social Skills and Peer Relationships 25. Genetic Factors in Children's Peer Relations (Mara Brendgen and Michel Boivin) 26. Temperament, Self-Regulation, and Peer Social Competence (Nancy Eisenberg, Julie Vaughan, and Claire Hofer) 27. Child–Parent Attachment Relationships, Peer Relationships, and Peer–Group Functioning (Cathryn Booth-LaForce and Kathryn A. Kerns) 28. Family Influences on Children's Peer Relationships (Hildy Ross and Nina Howe) Part VII: Childhood Peer Experiences and Later Adjustment 29. Peers and Academic Functioning at School (Kathryn R. Wentzel) 30. Peer Reputations and Psychological Adjustment (Mitchell J. Prinstein, Diana Rancourt, John D. Guerry, and Caroline B. Browne) 31. The Role of Friendship in Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Development (Frank Vitaro, Michel Boivin, and William M. Bukowski) Part VIII: Translation and Policy 32. Deviant by Design: Peer Contagion in Development, Interventions, and Schools (Thomas J. Dishion and Timothy F. Piehler) 33. Social Skills Training to Improve Peer Relations (Karen L. Bierman and C. J. Powers) Author Index Subject Index ...more |
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2016.02.22–2016.03.04 Contents Oppenheim D & Goldsmith DF (eds.) (2007) Attachment Theory in Clinical Work with Children - Bridging the Gap between Rese 2016.02.22–2016.03.04 Contents Oppenheim D & Goldsmith DF (eds.) (2007) Attachment Theory in Clinical Work with Children - Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice Part I: Clinical Use of Attachment Research Assessments 1. Constructing a Relationship Formulation for Mother and Child: Clinical Application of the Working Model of the Child Interview (Charles H. Zeanah) 2. Keeping the Inner World of the Child in Mind: Using the Insightfulness Assessment with Mothers in a Therapeutic Preschool (Nina Koren-Karie, David Oppenheim, and Douglas F. Goldsmith) 3. Intervening with Maltreated Children and Their Adoptive Families: Identifying Attachment-Facilitative Behaviors (Miriam Steele, Jill Hodges, Jeanne Kaniuk, Howard Steele, Debra D’Agostino, Inga Blom, Saul Hillman, and Kay Henderson) 4. The Role of Caregiver Commitment in Foster Care: Insights from the This Is My Baby Interview (Mary Dozier, Damion Grasso, Oliver Lindhiem, and Erin Lewis) 5. Parental Resolution of the Child’s Diagnosis and the Parent–Child Relationship: Insights from the Reaction to Diagnosis Interview (David Oppenheim, Smadar Dolev, Nina Koren-Karie, Efrat Sher-Censor, Nurit Yirmiya, and Shahaf Salomon) Part II: Attachment Theory and Psychotherapy 6. Attachment and Trauma: An Integrated Approach to Treating Young Children Exposed to Family Violence (Amy L. Busch and Alicia F. Lieberman) 7. The Circle of Security Project: A Case Study—“It Hurts to Give That Which You Did Not Receive” (Bert Powell, Glen Cooper, Kent Hoffman, and Robert Marvin) 8. Challenging Children’s Negative Internal Working Models: Utilizing Attachment-Based Treatment Strategies in a Therapeutic Preschool (Douglas F. Goldsmith) 9. Disorganized Mother, Disorganized Child: The Mentalization of Affective Dysregulation and Therapeutic Change (Arietta Slade) Index ...more |
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Contents Wolfe JM et al. (2015) Sensation & Perception 01. Introduction • Welcome to Our World • • Sensation and Perception • Thresholds and the Dawn of Ps Contents Wolfe JM et al. (2015) Sensation & Perception 01. Introduction • Welcome to Our World • • Sensation and Perception • Thresholds and the Dawn of Psychophysics • • Psychophysical Methods • • Scaling Methods • • Signal Detection Theory • • Fourier Analysis • Sensory Neuroscience and the Biology of Perception • • Neuronal Connections • • Neural Firing: The Action Potential • • Neuroimaging • Summary 02. The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signal • A Little Light Physics • Eyes That Capture Light • • Focusing Light onto the Retina • • The Retina • • What the Doctor Saw • • Retinal Geography and Function • Retinal Information Processing • • Light Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors • • Lateral Inhibition through Horizontal and Amacrine Cells • • Convergence and Divergence of Information via Bipolar Cells • • Communicating to the Brain via Ganglion Cells • Dark and Light Adaptation • • Pupil Size • • Photopigment Regeneration • • The Duplex Retina • • Neural Circuity • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: When Good Retina Goes Bad • Summary 03. Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes • Visual Acuity: Oh Say, Can You See? • • A Visit to the Eye Doctor • • Types of Visual Acuity • • Acuity for Low-Contrast Stripes • • Why Sine Wave Gratings? • Retinal Ganglion Cells and Stripes • The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus • The Striate Cortex • • The Topography of the Human Cortex • • Some Perceptual Consequences of Cortical Magnification • Receptive Fields in Striate Cortex • • Orientation Selectivity • • Other Receptive-Field Properties • • Simple and Complex Cells • • Further Complications • Columns and Hypercolumns • Selective Adaptation: The Psychologist's Electrode • • The Site of Selective Adaptation Effects • • Spatial Frequency–Tuned Pattern Analyzers in Human Vision • The Development of Spatial Vision • • Development of the Contrast Sensitivity Function • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: The Girl Who Almost Couldn't See Stripes • Summary 04. Perceiving and Recognizing Objects • What and Where Pathways • The Problems of Perceiving and Recognizing Objects • Middle Vision • • Finding Edges • • Texture Segmentation and Grouping • • Perceptual Committees Revisited • • Figure and Ground • • Dealing with Occlusion • • Parts and Wholes • • Summarizing Middle Vision • • From Metaphor to Formal Model • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Material Perception: The Everyday Problem of Knowing What It Is Made Of • Object Recognition • • Templates versus Structural Descriptions • • Problems with Structural-Description Theories • • Multiple Recognition Committees? • • Faces: An Illustrative Special Case • • The Pathway Runs in Both Directions: Feedback and Reentrant Processing • Summary 05. The Perception of Color • Basic Principles of Color Perception • • Three Steps to Color Perception • Step 1: Color Detection • Step 2: Color Discrimination • • The Principle of Univariance • • The Trichromatic Solution • • Metamers • • The History of Trichromatic Vision • • A Brief Digression into Lights, Filters, and Finger Paints • • From Retina to Brain: Repackaging the Information • • Cone-Opponent Cells in the Retina and LGN • • A Different Ganglion Cell Helps to Keep Track of Day and Night • Step 3: Color Appearance • • Three Numbers, Many Colors • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Picking Colors • • The Limits of the Rainbow • • Opponent Colors • • Color in the Visual Cortex • Individual Differences in Color Perception • • Philosophical Problem of "Inverted Qualia" • • Language and Color • • Genetic Differences in Color Vision • From the Color of Lights to a World of Color • • Adaptation and Afterimages • • Color Constancy • • The Problem with the Illuminant • • Physical Constraints Make Constancy Possible • What Is Color Vision Good For? • Summary 06. Space Perception and Binocular Vision • Monocular Cues to Three-Dimensional Space • • Occlusion • • Size and Position Cues • • Aerial Perspective • • Linear Perspective • • Pictorial Depth Cues and Pictures • • Motion Cues • • Accommodation and Convergence • Binocular Vision and Stereopsis • • Stereoscopes and Stereograms • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Recovering Stereo Vision • • Random Dot Stereograms • • Stereo Movies, TV, and Video Games • • Using Binocular Stereopsis • • Stereoscopic Correspondence • • The Physiological Basis of Stereopsis and Depth Perception • Combining Depth Cues • • The Bayesian Approach Revisited • • Illusions and the Construction of Space • • Binocular Rivalry and Suppression • Development of Binocular Vision and Stereopsis • • Abnormal Visual Experience Can Disrupt Binocular Vision • Summary 07. Attention and Scene Perception • Selection in Space • • The "Spotlight" of Attention • Visual Search • • Feature Searches Are Efficient • • Many Searches Are Inefficient • • In Real-World Searches, Basic Features Guide Visual Search • • The Binding Problem in Visual Search • Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink • The Physiological Basis of Attention • • Attention Could Enhance Neural Activity • • Attention Could Enhance the Processing of a Specific Type of Stimulus • • Attention Could Coordinate the Activity of Different Brain Areas • • Attention and Single Cells • Disorders of Visual Attention • • Neglect • • Extinction • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Selective Attention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • Perceiving and Understanding Scenes • • Two Pathways to Scene Perception • • The Nonselective Pathway Computes Ensemble Statistics • • The Nonselective Pathway Computes Scene Gists and Layout—Very Quickly • • Memory for Objects and Scenes Is Amazingly Good • • But, Memory for Objects and Scenes Can Be Amazingly Bad: Change Blindness • • What Do We Actually See? • Summary 08. Visual Motion Perception • Computation of Visual Motion • • Apparent Motion • • The Correspondence Problem • • The Aperture Problem • • Detection of Global Motion in Area MT • • Motion Aftereffects Revisited • • Second-Order Motion • Using Motion Information • • Going with the Flow: Using Motion Information to Navigate • • Something in the Way You Move: Using Motion Information to Identify Objects • • Avoiding Imminent Collision: The Tao of Tau • Eye Movements • • Physiology and Types of Eye Movements • • Eye Movements and Reading • • Saccadic Suppression and the Comparator • • Updating the Neural Mechanisms for Eye Movement Compensation • Development of Motion Perception • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: The Man Who Couldn't See Motion • Summary 09. Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics • The Function of Hearing • What Is Sound? • • Basic Qualities of Sound Waves: Frequency and Amplitude • • Sine Waves and Complex Sounds • Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System • • Outer Ear • • Middle Ear • • Inner Ear • • The Auditory Nerve • • Auditory Brain Structures • Basic Operating Characteristics of the Auditory System • • Intensity and Loudness • • Frequency and Pitch • Hearing Loss • • Treating Hearing Loss • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Electronic Ears • Summary 10. Hearing in the Environment • Sound Localization • • Interaural Time Difference • • Interaural Level Difference • • Cones of Confusion • • Pinna and Head Cues • • Auditory Distance Perception • Complex Sounds • • Harmonics • • Timbre • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Auditory "Color" Constancy • • Attack and Decay • Auditory Scene Analysis • • Spatial, Spectral, and Temporal Segregation • • Grouping by Timbre • • Grouping by Onset • • When Sounds Become Familiar • Continuity and Restoration Effects • • Restoration of Complex Sounds • Auditory Attention • Summary 11. Music and Speech Perception • Music • • Musical Notes • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Music and Emotion • • Making Music • Speech • • Speech Production • • Speech Perception • • Learning to Listen • • Speech in the Brain • Summary 12. The Vestibular System and Our Sense of Equilibrium • Vestibular Contributions to Equilibrium • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Evolution and Equilibrium • Modalities and Qualities of Spatial Orientation • • Sensing Angular Motion, Linear Motion, and Tilt • • Basis Qualities of Spatial Orientation: Amplitude and Direction • The Mammalian Vestibular System • • Hair Cells: Mechanical Transducers • • Semicircular Canals • • Otolith Organs • Spatial Orientation Perception • • Rotation Perception • • Translation Perception • • Tilt Perception • Sensory Integration • • Visual-Vestibular Integration • Active Sensing • Reflexive Vestibular Responses • • Vestibulo-Ocular Responses • • Vestibulo-Autonomic Responses • • Vestibulo-Spinal Responses • Spatial Orientation Cortex • • Vestibular Thalamocortical Pathways • • Cortical Influences • When the Vestibular System Goes Bad • • Mal de Debarquement Syndrome • • Ménière's Syndrome • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Amusement Park Rides—Vestibular Physics Is Fun • Summary 13. Touch • Touch Physiology • • Touch Receptors in the Skin • • Kinesthetic Receptors • • From Skin to Brain • • Pain • Tactile Sensitivity and Acuity • • How Sensitive Are We to Mechanical Pressure? • • How Finely Can We Resolve Spatial Details? • • How Finely Can We Resolve Temporal Details? • • Do People Differ in Tactile Sensitivity? • Haptic Perception • • Perception for Action • • Action for Perception • • Role of Fingerprints in Perception and Action • • The What System of Touch: Perceiving Objects and Their Properties • • The Where System of Touch: Locating Objects • • Tactile Spatial Attention • • Social Touch • • Interactions between Touch and Other Modalities • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Haptic Virtual Environments • Summary 14. Olfaction • Olfactory Physiology • • Odors and Odorants • • The Human Olfactory Apparatus • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Anosmia • Neurophysiology of Olfaction • • The Genetic Basis of Olfactory Receptors • • The Feel of Scent • From Chemicals to Smells • • Theories of Olfactory Perception • • The Importance of Patterns • • Is Odor Perception Synthetic or Analytical? • • The Power of Sniffing • • Odor Imagery • Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation • • Detection, Discrimination, and Recognition • • Psychophysical Methods for Detection and Discrimination • • Identification • • Individual Differences • • Adaptation • • Cognitive Habituation • Olfactory Hedonics • • Familiarity and Intensity • • Nature or Nurture? • • An Evolutionary Argument • • Caveats • Associative Learning and Emotion: Neuroanatomical and Evolutionary Considerations • • The Vomeronasal Organ, Human Pheromones, and Chemosignals • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Odor-Evoked Memory and the Truth behind Aromatherapy • Summary 15. Taste • Taste versus Flavor • • Localizing Flavor Sensations • • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Volatile-Enhanced Taste: A New Way to Safely Alter Flavors • Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System • • Papillae • • Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells • • Taste Processing in the Central Nervous System • The Four Basic Tastes • • Salty • • Sour • • Bitter • • Sweet • Genetic Variation in Bitter • • Supertasters • • Health Consequences of Taste Sensation • Wisdom of the Body: How Do We Solve the "Omnivore's Dilemma"? • • How Do We Regulate Nutrients? Early Belief in "Specific Hungers" Gave Way to Identification of Conditioned Preferences and Aversions • • The Special Case of Umami • • The Special Case of Fat • • Is All Olfactory Affect Learned? • The Nature of Taste Qualities • • Taste Adaptation and Cross-Adaptation • • Pleasure and Retronasal versus Orthonasal Olfaction • • Chili Peppers • Summary Glossary References Photo Credits Index ...more |
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Contents Lönnqvist J, Martti Heikkinen M, Henriksson M, Marttunen M, & Partonen T (eds.) (2014) Psykiatria I Potilaan tutkiminen ja diagnostiikka 01. Psy Contents Lönnqvist J, Martti Heikkinen M, Henriksson M, Marttunen M, & Partonen T (eds.) (2014) Psykiatria I Potilaan tutkiminen ja diagnostiikka 01. Psykiatria ja mielenterveys 02. Potilaan tutkiminen 03. Mielenterveyden häiriöiden diagnostiikka ja luokittelu II Mielenterveyden häiriöt 04. Keskushermoston kehitykseen liittyvät häiriöt 05. Skitsofrenia ja muut psykoosit 06. Kaksisuuntaiset mielialahäiriöt 07. Depressiiviset häiriöt 08. Ahdistuneisuushäiriöt 09. Pakko-oireiset häiriöt 10. Dissosiaatiohäiriöt 11. Psyykkiset kriisit, sopeutumishäiriöt ja stressireaktiot 12. Somaattisin oirein ilmenevät häiriöt 13. Syömishäiriöt 14. Unihäiriöt 15. Seksuaalihäiriöt 16. Käyttäytymis- ja hillitsemishäiriöt 17. Persoonallisuushäiriöt 18. Päihdehäiriöt 19. Neurokognitiiviset häiriöt, muistisairaudet ja elimelliset aivo-oireyhtymät 20. Itsetuhokäyttäytyminen III Psykiatrian erityisalueita 21. Psykosomatiikka ja konsultaatiopsykiatria 22. Lastenpsykiatria 23. Nuorisopsykiatria 24. Vanhuspsykiatria 25. Oikeuspsykiatria IV Psykiatrinen hoito 26. Mielenterveyden häiriöiden yleisyys ja hoidon tarve 27. Hoitoon ohjaaminen 28. Suomalainen hoitojärjestelmä 29. Psykososiaaliset hoitomuodot 30. Biologiset hoidot V Liiteosa 31. Psykiatrian käsitteitä 32. Tautiluokitus ICD-10 ...more |
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2015.09.21–2015.10.09 Contents Nieminen P, Nevalainen V, & Holma J (eds.) (2010) Psykologin ammattikäytännöt Esipuhe 01. Psykologiasta psykologiin – ammat 2015.09.21–2015.10.09 Contents Nieminen P, Nevalainen V, & Holma J (eds.) (2010) Psykologin ammattikäytännöt Esipuhe 01. Psykologiasta psykologiin – ammatillisen toiminnan juuret ja kehitys (Matti Kiviaho ja Pirkko Nieminen) • Psykologiaa ennen psykologeja • Psykologien ammattikunnan synty • • Psykotekniikan vaihe • • Pioneerivaihe • • Kliinis-diagnostinen vaihe • • Interventio- ja terapiakeskeinen vaihe • • Yhteiskunnallinen vaihe • • Ennaltaehkäisevän ja moniammatillisen työn vaihe • • Kasvavien haasteiden ja erikoistumisen vaihe • • Kansainvälistymisen vaihe • Pitkä tie tutkijasta profession haltijaksi • Psykologia tieteen kentässä 02. Psykologikoulutus ja ammatilliset kompetenssit (Pirkko Nieminen ja Juha Holma) • Koulutuksen varhaisvaiheet • Peruskoulutuksen uudistamisen kaksi vuosikymmentä • Psykologian erikoistumis- ja jatkokoulutus • Yliopistoverkosto Psykonet • Ammatillinen täydennyskoulutus • Psykologikoulutus, kansainvälistyminen ja ammatilliset kompetenssit • Tutkinnon rakenne lyhyesti 03. Ammattietiikka ja lainsäädäntö (Vesa Nevalainen) • Lainsäädäntö • Ammattietiikka • • Yksilön oikeudet ja arvo • • Ammatillinen pätevyys • • Vastuu • • Ammatillinen riippumattomuus • • Ammattieettiset ongelmat • Tietosuoja • • Velvollisuus laatia potilasasiakirjoja • • Tarkastusoikeus • • Tietojen säilytys ja hävittäminen • Hyvä psykologinen tutkimus • • Ennen tutkimusta • • Tutkimustilanne • • Pisteittäminen, tulkinta ja palaute 04. Mielenterveys- ja terveyspsykologia 04.1. Mielenterveystyö ja psykologipalvelut (Juha Holma) • Mielisairaalasta psykiatriseen sairaalaan • • Psykologin työnkuvan kehittyminen mielisairaaloissa • Mielenterveystoimistot ja avohoito • • Psykologin työnkuva avohoidossa • Lasten- ja nuorten mielenterveyspalvelut • Ehkäisevä mielenterveystyö • Opiskeluterveydenhoito • • Ylioppilaiden terveydenhoitosäätiö • • Opintopsykologitoiminta • Psykologit psykoterapeutteina • • Psykologin koulutus ja psykoterapiavalmiudet • Yhteenveto 04.2. Psykologityö perusterveydenhuollossa (Pirkko Nieminen ja Timo Renfors) • Kokeiluja ennen virkoja • Toiminnan vakiintuminen • Äitiys- ja lastenneuvolatyö • Työikäisten terveyden ja psyykkisen hyvinvoinnin tukeminen • Työterveyshuolto • Yhteenveto 04.3. Yleissairaalapsykologia ja kuntoutus (Tytti Riita ja Marjatta Musikka-Siirtola) • Yleissairaalapsykologia • • Yleissairaalapsykologian historiaa • • Työn luonne, tehtävät ja kohteet • • Työvälineet • • Yhteistyökumppanit ja sidosryhmät • • Työn arvionti, tuloksellisuus ja vaikuttavuus • Kuntoutus • • Kuntoutuspsykologian historiaa • • Teoreettinen, sisällöllinen ja laadullinen kehitys • • Toimintakyvyn arviointi • • Työn luonne, tehtävät ja kohteet • • Työvälineet • • Asiakkaat ja yhteistyökumppanit • • Työn arviointi, tuloksellisuus ja vaikuttavuus 05. Kehitys- ja kasvatuspsykologia 05.1. Kasvatus- ja perheneuvolatyö (Vesa Nevalainen) • Toiminnan historiaa • Perheneuvolatyö on tiimityötä • Perheneuvolapsykologin tekemät tutkimukset • Perheneuvoloissa tehtävät psykoterapeuttiset interventiot • Yhteiskunnallinen vaikuttaminen • Perheneuvolatyön tulevaisuuden haasteita 05.2. Koulupsykologitoiminta (Vesa Nevalainen) • Toiminnan historiaa • Psykologiset tutkimukset • Oppilashuoltoryhmä • Yksilökeskustelut oppilaitten kanssa • Ryhmämuotoiset interventiot • Koulupsykologi konsultoivassa roolissa • Työ perheiden kanssa • Koulupsykologitoiminnan tulevaisuudennäkymiä 05.3. Opintopsykologit (Vesa Nevalainen) • Opintopsykologi ja yksilöasiakastyö • Työ opiskeluympäristöjen kehittämisessä • Tulevaisuudennäkymiä 05.4. Psykologin tehtävät kehitysvammapalveluissa (Heikki Seppälä) • Mitä kehitysvammaisuus on? • Kehitysvammaisten palvelujärjestelmä • Psykologit kehitysvammaispalveluissa • Psykologin työtehtävät kehitysvammatyössä • • Diagnosointiin liittyvät tehtävät • • Asiakastyö sekä perheiden ja verkostojen kanssa tehtävä työ • • Tuki- ja palvelusuunnittelu moniammatillisissa työryhmissä • • Konsultointi ja koulutus • • Kehittämis- ja projektitehtävät • Kehitysvammatyön moninaisuus 06. Työn ja organisaatioiden psykologia 06.1. Psykologin työ ammatinvalinnan ja urasuunnittelun ohjauksessa (Anita Keskinen) • Ammatinvalinta- ja urasuunnittelupalveluiden historiaa • Ammatinvalinnanohjauksen teoriatausta • Ammatinvalinnanohjauksen työkäytännöt • Ammatinvalintapsykologien asiakkaat ja yhteistyökumppanit • Laadun ja vaikuttavuuden arvioinnin haasteet • Psykologit työvoimatoimistojen rekrytointi- ja yrityspalveluissa • Psykologit korkeakoulujen ura- ja rekrytointipalveluissa • Psykologit työuralle ohjaavassa koulutuksessa ja valmennuksessa 06.2. Soveltuvuusarviointi ja yksilöllinen valmennus (Juhani Ollila ja Juha Sandberg) • Työpsykologian ja soveltuvuustutkimuksen alkuajat • Validiteettitutkimuksen aikakausi • Soveltuvuustutkimusten asema vakiintuu • Soveltuvuustutkimukseen kohdistunut kritiikki • Henkilöarviointia säätelevät lait • Soveltuvuusarvioinnin toteutus yhteistyössä toimeksiantajan kanssa • Henkilöarviointi osana henkilöstön kehittämistä • Sisällöllinen ja laadullinen kehitys muuntuvien tehtävänkuvien maailmassa • Yksilöllinen valmennus • Soveltuvuusarvioinnin ennustavuus ja vaikuttavuus • Mitä työ edellyttää, mitä se antaa 06.3. Työyhteisön kehittäminen (Juha Arikoski) • Psykologi yritysten ja organisaatioiden henkilöstöhallinnossa ja kehittämistyössä • Henkilöstön koulutus ja valmennus • Psykologi työnohjaajana, mentorina ja coachina • • Työnohjaus • • Mentorointi • • Coaching • • Miten auttajaa autetaan? • • Kehittämismenetelmien yhdistäminen • Organisaatioiden muutosten psykologiset ilmiöt • Omia kokemuksia 07. Neuropsykologia 07.1. Aikuisneuropsykologia (Laura Hokkanen) • Sotavammat kliinisen neuropsykologian tutkimuksen käynnistäjinä • Aikuisten neuropsykologinen tutkimus • Aikuisten neuropsykologinen kuntoutus • Neuropsykologiaan erikoistuminen ja pätevyydet 07.2. Lastenneuropsykologia (Kaisa Peltomaa) • Lastenneuropsykologien toimipaikat • Yliopistojen yhteydessä toimivat tutkimusklinikat • Lastenneuropsykologinen tutkimus • Lastenneuropsykologinen kuntoutus 08. Ammattikäytännön erityisaloja 08.1. Akuuttien kriisien psykologiaa (Salli Saari) • Akuutin kriisityön historia • Akuutin kriisityön teoreettinen perusta • Äkillisen ja järkyttävän tapahtuman tunnusmerkit • Psyykkinen sopeutumisprosessi ja sen vaiheet • • Häiriöt sopeutumisprosessissa • Äkillisten järkyttävien tapahtumien seuraukset tutkimuksen valossa • Kriisi-interventiot • • Akuutin kriisityön tavoitteet • • Akuutin kriisityön toimintaperiaatteet ja menetelmät • • Menetelmien toimivuus • Kriisien jälkihoito 08.2. Liikennepsykologia (Esko Keskinen) • Historiaa • Tutkimuskohteet ja sovellukset • Liikennekäyttäytymiseen vaikuttaminen • • Liikennekäyttäytymisen hierarkkinen malli • Liikennepsykologin työ käytännössä 08.3. Oikeuspsykologia (Ghitta Weizmann-Henelius) • Oikeuspsykologian historiaa • Psykologia rikostutkinnassa • Oikeuspsykologian sovellusalat • • Kliininen tutkimus mielentilatutkimuksen yhteydessä • • Vaarallisuuden arvioiminen • • Psykologin kliininen rooli rikoksentekijöiden hoidossa ja kuntoutuksessa • • Lapsen seksuaalisen hyväksikäytön selvittäminen • • Psyykkisen vahingon arvioiminen • • Oikeustoimikelpoisuuden neuropsykologinen arviointi • • Huoltajuus- ja tapausoikeuskiistat • Oikeuspsykologian tulevaisuuden haasteita 08.4. Ympäristöpsykologia (Kalevi Korpela) • Historiaa • Soveltaminen • Terapeuttinen asiakastyö 08.5. Urheilupsykologia (Satu Kaski) • Historia • Urheilupsykologia Suomessa • Työnkuva ja työkenttä • Urheilupsykologiset menetelmät • Haasteet ja tulevaisuus 08.6. Psykologit vanhustyössä (Timo Suutama) • Geropsykologinen koulutus ja työ • Ikäihmisten psykologinen hoito ja arviointi • Kasvava psykologisen työn alue 09. Psykologien ammatillisen aseman kehitys (Tuomo Tikkanen) • Historia ja organisoituminen • • Psykologiliiton perustaminen • • Alueellinen järjestäytyminen • • Psykologit lakossa • • Ammattikunnan laillistaminen • • Erikoispsykologikoulutuksen käynnistyminen • • Psykologeista tulee pysyvästi monialainen ammattiryhmä • Psykologien työtilanne • • Työllisyys • • Palkkaus • • Sijoittuminen sektoreille ja toimialoille • • Alueellinen sijoittuminen • Psykologiliiton strategia ja tavoitteet • • Psykologiliiton yhteistyö 10. Ammattikäytännön haasteita 2000-luvulla (Vesa Nevalainen, Juha Holma ja Pirkko Nieminen) • Psykologityön kuvaaminen ja vaikuttavuus • Tieteellisen tutkimuksen ja ammatillisten käytäntöjen liittyminen toisiinsa • Vapaaehtoistyö ammattikäytännön kehittäjänä • Tulevaisuuden sovellusaloja • Psykologityön kansainvälistyminen • Psykologeja koskevan lainsäädännön vaikutukset tulevaisuudessa Kirjoittajat ...more |
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2015.09.18–2015.09.21 Contents Kniivilä S, Lindblom-Ylänne S, & Mäntynen A (2007) Tiede ja teksti - Tehoa ja taitoa tutkielman kirjoittamiseen Esipuhe Osa 2015.09.18–2015.09.21 Contents Kniivilä S, Lindblom-Ylänne S, & Mäntynen A (2007) Tiede ja teksti - Tehoa ja taitoa tutkielman kirjoittamiseen Esipuhe Osa I: Tieteellinen kirjoittaminen 1. Johdanto • Tieteellisen kirjoittamisen sopimukset • Kirjoittaminen on prosessi 2. Tieteellinen kirjoittaminen prosessina • Kirjoittamisprosessin vaiheet • • Valmistautuminen • • • Vinkit 1–2: Vinkkejä lähteiden käyttöön • • • Vinkit 3–4: Miten alkuun? • • Luonnosteleminen • • • Miten voi luonnostella? • • • Tieteellinen kirjoittaminen • • • Aloittamisen kultaiset säännöt • • Tekstiversion kirjoittaminen eli muokkaaminen • • Tekstin tarkastelu ja toimittaminen • • • Vinkki 5: Miten huomaan toiston? • • Tekstin oikoluku ja viimeisteleminen • • • Vinkki 6: Tarkista sanakirjasta 3. Tieteellinen kirjoittaminen on ongelmanratkaisua ja valintoja • Asiantuntija ja aloittelija kirjoittavat eri tavoin • Kirjoitustaito ja teksti kehittyvät palautteen avulla • • Vinkki 7: Miten valmistautua palautekeskusteluun? • • Palautteen antamisen ja vastaanottamisen pelisäännöt • Tieteellisen kirjoittamisen esteet • • Millainen kirjoittaja olen? • • Miten eroon kirjoittamisen esteistä? Osa II: Tieteellisen tekstin erityspiirteet 4. Tutkimusraportin perusrakenne • Kansi • • Tieteellisen työn rakenne 1 ja 2 • Tutkielman nimi • • Vinkki 8: Millainen on hyvä otsikko? • Tiivistelmä • Sisällys • • Vinkki 9: Automaattinen sisällysluettelo • • Vinkki 10: Millainen on tasapainoinen tutkielma? • • Tarkista työsi sisällys ja rakenne • Johdanto • • Johdannon malli • • Teoreettinen tausta • • Tutkimustavoitteen ja -ongelmien esittely • • Tutkimusaineiston ja -menetelmän esittely • • Vinkki 11: Kuka tai ketkä keräsivät aineiston? • • Käsittelyosa • Päätäntö eli loppuluvut • • Tulokset • • Pohdinta eli tarkastelu • Lähteet • • Vinkki 12: Ovatko kaikki lähteet mukana? • • Vinkki 13: Teknistä apua lähdeluettelon tekoon? • • Lähteet • • Muistilista lähdeluettelon tekemiseen • • • Tarkista lähdeluettelo • • • Tieteellisen tekstin peruselementit • Liitteet 5. Mistä tieteellinen teksti syntyy? • Metateksti eli teksti tekstistä • • Metatekstin työkalut • Argumentointi • • Miten tieteellinen argumentoiva teksti syntyy? • • Argumentoinnin kielelliset keinot • • • Vinkki 14: Sama ilmaus on eri asia puheessa ja tieteessä 6. Referointi ja viittaaminen • Miksi lähdeviitteitä tarvitaan? • • Vinkki 15: Mitä on hyvä tieteellinen käytäntö? • Referointi • • Suoran lainauksen käyttö • • Vinkki 16: Onko teksti kirjoittajan vai lähteiden? • Referoinnin keinot ja viittaustekniikka • • Referoinnin verbi kertoo kirjoittajan tulkinnan • • Miten referointi rakentuu? • Lähdeviitteet • • Erilaisia viitteitä – erilaisia merkityksiä • Mihin lähdeviite kohdistuu eli viitteen ulottuma-ala • • Lähdeviitteiden lyhenteet • • Onko tekstisi tieteellistä? Osa III: Hyvä teksti ja kieli 7. Tekstin jäsentäminen ja rakentaminen • Näkökulmia tutkimusraportin tarkasteluun • Tiedon esittäminen tekstissä • • Tekstikokonaisuuksien ja tekstin osien jäsentäminen • • Teemankuljetus • • Idea- ja tukivirkkeet • Virkkeet ja lauseet tekevät tekstin • • Mikä on virke ja mikä lause? • Pilkutus on osa tekstin jäsentämistä • • Vinkki 17: Voiko pilkulla painottaa? • • Suomen kielen pilkutuksen logiikka 8. Hyvä tieteellinen kielenkäyttö • Hyvä tieteellinen tyyli on hyvää tekstiä • • Millainen on onnistunut teksti? • Ilmaisuvoimainen teksti • • Tekstiä yhtenäistäviä seikkoja • • Mihin toistoa tarvitaan ja mihin ei? • • • Miten eroon tarpeettomasta toistosta? • Hyvä tyyli syntyy hyvästä lauserakenteesta • • Esimerkkejä substantiivityylistä • • Määriteketjut vaikeuttavat ymmärtämistä • • Rinnastaminen ja symmetria • • Sanajärjestys • • • Onko suomen sanajärjestys vapaa? • Sanaston käyttö • • Vinkki 18: Vieras vai oma sana? • • Ajanilmaukset • Kirjakielen sääntöjä • • Lauseenvastikkeet • • Yksikkö vai monikko? • • Passiivi • • Pronominit • • Rektio – merkitys johonkin vai jollekin? • • Rinnastuskonjunktioiden käyttö virkkeen alussa • Oikeinkirjoituksen tarkistaminen • • Viimeistele tekstisi kirjoittaminen lopuksi • • Kysymyksiä kirjoittajalle opinnäytetyön valmiusasteen tarkistamiseen Lähteet • Kielioppaita ja sanakirjoja • Verkkomateriaalia Asiasanahakemisto ...more |
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2015.09.09–2015.09.11 Contents Metsäpelto RL & Feldt T (eds.) (2009) Meitä on moneksi - persoonallisuuden psykologiset perusteet Lukijalle Osa 1 01. Persoo 2015.09.09–2015.09.11 Contents Metsäpelto RL & Feldt T (eds.) (2009) Meitä on moneksi - persoonallisuuden psykologiset perusteet Lukijalle Osa 1 01. Persoonallisuuden käsite psykologiassa (Riitta-Leena Metsäpelto ja Taru Feldt) • Persoonallisuuspsykologian historia • Nykykäsityksiä persoonallisuudesta • Persoonallisuuspsykologia tieteenalana • McAdamsin persoonallisuusmalli ihmisen psykologisesta yksilöllisyydestä • • Ensimmäinen taso: taipumukselliset piirteet • • Toinen taso: tyypilliset sopeutumistavat • • Kolmas taso: tarinamuotoinen identiteetti • Persoonallisuuspsykologisen tiedon soveltaminen 02. Geneettisten ja ympäristötekijöiden vaikutus persoonallisuuteen (Elina Vierikko) • Geenit perintöaineksen välittäjinä • Perinnöllisyyden ja ympäristötekijöiden tutkiminen • Perimän merkitys persoonallisuudessa • Yksilölliset kokemukset muovaavat persoonallisuutta • Perimän ja ympäristön yhteisvaihtelu • Perimän ja ympäristön vuorovaikutus • Käyttäytymisgenetiikan anti psykologialle 03. Temperamentti – persoonallisuuden biologinen selkäranka (Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen) • Mitä temperamentti on? • • Tyyli ja yksilölliset erot • • Pysyvyys • • Biologinen pohja • • Mitä temperamentti ei ole? • Temperamenttitutkimuksen pitkä historia • • Kliininen traditio • • Temperamentin ja ympäristön yhteensopivuus • • Kliinisen tradition seuraajat • • Kokeellinen traditio • Keskeisiä temperamenttiteorioita • • Kaganin estyneen ja ei-estyneen temperamentin teoria • • Bussin ja Plominin teoria • • Cloningerin ja Grayn temperamenttiteoriat • Mihin temperamentti vaikuttaa? • • Koulumenestys • • Temperamentti ja stressi • Persoonallisuus kehittyy synnynnäisen temperamentin ja ympäristön vuorovaikutuksesta • Temperamentti ja persoonallisuuden häiriöt 04. Persoonallisuuden piirteet ihmisten samanlaisuuden ja erilaisuuden kuvaajina (Riitta-Leena Metsäpelto ja Johanna Rantanen) • Persoonallisuuden piirteiden käsite • Piirreteorian historiaa • • Kolme suurta piirreteoreetikkoa • • Piirreteoreettisen lähestymistavan kriisi • Piirteiden lukumäärän tarkentuminen: viisi suurta persoonallisuuden piirrettä • • Taulukko 1. Viisi suurta persoonallisuuden piirrettä alapiirteineen (McCrae & Costa, 2003) • Persoonallisuuden piirteiden mittaaminen • Persoonallisuuden piirteiden kehitys ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät • • Persoonallisuuden piirteiden biologinen perusta • • Persoonallisuuden piirteet lapsuudessa • • Persoonallisuuden piirteiden kehitys aikuisuudessa • Persoonallisuuden piirteiden yhteys psykososiaaliseen toimintakykyyn, hyvinvointiin ja terveyteen • Lopuksi Osa 2 05. Selviytymiskeinot ja niiden käyttöä suuntaavat persoonallisuuden ominaisuudet (Taru Feldt ja Anne Mäkikangas) • Coping eli selviytymiskeinot • • Lazaruksen klassinen stressi- ja coping-teoria • • Merkityskeskeiset selviytymiskeinot uutena tutkimuskohteena • • Kuvio 1. Merkityssuuntautuneet selviytymiskeinot stressiprosessissa (Folkman, 2008) • • Mitä ihmisen selviytymiskeinoista on opittu? • • Uusia haasteita selviytymiskeinojen tutkimukselle • Selviytymiskeinojen suuntaajat: koherenssi ja optimistisuus • • Koherenssin tunne (ns. elämänhallinnan tunne) • • Optimistisuus • • Taulukko 1. Optimistien ja pessimistien erot selviytymiskeinojen käytössä (Carver & Scheier, 1999; Scheier ym., 2001) • Lopuksi 06. Toiminta- ja tulkintatavat haasteiden kohtaamisessa ja ongelmien ratkaisemisessa (Jari-Erik Nurmi) • Miten haastavista tilanteista selvitään? • • Selviytymiskeinoista kontrolliorientaatioon • • Toiminta- ja tulkintatapojen perusoletukset • • Kuvio 1. Systeeminen näkökulma toiminta- ja tulkintatapoihin • Toiminta- ja tulkintatapojen viitekehys • • Prosessimalli • • Kuvio 2. Toiminta- ja tulkintatapojen prosessimalli • • Kuvio 3. Erilaisia toiminta- ja tulkintatapoja • • Erilaisia toiminta- ja tulkintatapoja • • • Koulu-, opiskelu- ja työtilanteet • • • Sosiaaliset tilanteet • Toiminta- ja tulkintatapojen kehittyminen ja niiden käyttämisen vaikutukset • • Miten toiminta- ja tulkintatavat muodostuvat? • • Millaisia seurauksia erilaisten toiminta- ja tulkintatapojen käytöllä on? • • Kuvio 4. Toiminta- ja tulkintatavat "itsensä toteuttavina kehinä" • Miten toiminta- ja tulkintatapoja voidaan mitata? • • Kyselylomakkeet • • Ulkopuolisen henkilön arviointi • • Projektiivinen testi • • Kuvio 5. Esimerkki CAST-kuvasarjasta • Lopuksi 07. Henkilökohtaiset tavoitteet elämän kulussa (Katariina Salmela-Aro) • Työntääkö jokin asia ihmiset liikkeelle, vai vetääkö jokin asia heitä puoleensa? • Elämänkulun motivaatiomalli • • Nuorten tavoitteet • • Muotoutuva aikuisuus • Elämäntapahtumat • • Nuorten siirtymä työelämään on haasteellista • • Siirtymä vanhemmuuteen muuttaa elämän suuntaa • • Lapsettomuus ja unelmasta luopuminen • • "Työppöys" uuvuttaa • • Iäkkäiden tavoitteet • Henkilökohtaisista tavoitteista kohti jaettuja tavoitteita • Henkilökohtaiset tavoitteet interventioiden välineenä • Lopuksi 08. Tunteiden säätelyssä persoonallisuus pelissä (Marja Kokkonen ja Marja-Liisa Kinnunen) • Tunteiden säätely sisarkäsitteidensä seurassa • Tunteiden säätely persoonallisuuteen liittyvänä dynaamisena prosessina • Tunteiden säätelyn pysyvyyden biologinen perusta: perimä ja neurobiologia • Tunteiden säätely, persoonallisuuden rakenteet ja piirteet • Lopuksi 09. Aggressiivisuus persoonallisuuteen liittyvänä toimintatapana (Katja Kokko) • Mitä aggressiivisuus on? • • Aggressiivisuuden muodot • • Miesten ja naisten aggressiivisuus • Aggressiivisuuden synnystä ja yhteyksistä temperamenttiin ja persoonallisuuteen • Aggressiivisuuden seurauksista • Aggressiivisuuden pysyvyys • • Mitä pysyvyys tarkoittaa? • • Mitä Lapsesta aikuiseksi -tutkimus kertoo aggressiivisuuden pysyvyydestä? • • Taulukko 1. Lapsesta aikuiseksi -tutkimuksessa 8-vuotiaana käytettyjä opettaja- ja toveriarviointiin perustuvia aggressiivisuuskysymyksiä ja 36- ja 42- vuotiaana käytettyjä itsearviointiin perustuvia aggressiivisuuskysymyksiä (mukaillen Kokko & Pulkkinen, 2005) • • Kuvio 1. Aggressiivisuuden pysyvyys 8-vuotiaasta 14-vuotiaaksi ja aikuisikään: rakenneyhtälömallinnus (Kokko & Pulkkinen, 2005). • • Miten aggressiivisuuden pysyvyyttä ja epäjatkuvuutta selitetään? • Lopuksi Osa 3 10. Identiteetti persoonallisuuden kokoavana rakenteena (Päivi Fadjukoff) • Identiteetti kokoavana ja ohjaavana rakenteena • Identiteetin muodostuminen • Taulukko 1. Eri identiteettistatusten tunnusmerkkejä, esimerkit Lapsesta aikuiseksi -tutkimuksen 42-vuotishaastattelujen kohdasta, jossa selvitettiin tutkittavien suhdetta työhönsä • Identiteetin osa-alueet • • Kuvio 1. Naisten ja miesten identiteettistatukset viidellä eri elämänalueella ikätasoilla 27, 36 ja 42 suomalaisessa Lapsesta aikuiseksi -tutkimusaineistossa • Identiteetti nuoruuden kehitysvaiheena ja läpi elämän kestävänä prosessina • • Nuori identiteettinsä rakentajana • • Identiteetin muotoutuminen aikuisuudessa • • Identiteetti ja muuttuva yhteiskunta • • Identiteetti ja persoonallisuus • • Identiteetti ja kehityksen taustatekijät • • Identiteetin merkitys ja kasvu 11. Persoonallisuus ihmiseksi tulemisena (Juha Perttula) • Persoonallisuus humanistisessa psykologiassa • Persoonallisuus fenomenologisessa psykologiassa • Persoonallisuus narratiivisessa psykologiassa • Persoonallisuus eksistentiaalisessa psykologiassa • Mitä neljästä traditiosta pitäisi muistaa? Osa 4 12. Persoonallisuus ja terveys (Katri Räikkönen ja Anu-Katriina Pesonen) • A-tyyppisestä käyttäytymisestä nykytutkimukseen • • Kuvio 1. Persoonallisuuden ja terveyden yhteyksiä välittävät mekanismit • • Taulukko 1. Tunnollisuuden ulottuvuudet • Persoonallisuus ja kuolleisuus • Persoonallisuus ja sairastavuus • Ohjelmoituvatko persoonallisuuden ja terveyden väliset yhteydet jo kohdussa? • • Kuvio 2. Persoonallisuustyyppien jakaantuminen keskos- ja verrokkiaineistossa. 13. Persoonallisuuden kaunistelu kyselyvastauksissa (Laura Honkaniemi) • Mitä kaunistelu on? • • Kaunisteluun vaikuttavat tekijät • • Tietoinen ja tiedostamaton kaunistelu • • Moralistinen ja egoistinen kaunistelu • • Taulukko 1. Kaunistelu voidaan jakaa alalajeihin sen perusteella, kuinka tietoista kaunistelu on ja mikä on kaunistelun aihe • Kaunistelun tutkiminen ja mittaaminen • • Varoittaminen ja muut keinot kaunistelun vähentämiseksi • • Kaunistelun yhteydet persoonallisuuteen ja työssä menestymiseen • • Kaunistelun vaikutus validiteettiin • Itsearvioinnin osuvuuden ongelma • Lopuksi 14. Persoonallisuuteen liittyvien voimavarojen vahvistaminen (Jukka Vuori) • Voimavarojen vahvistaminen muutostilanteissa • Psykologisen intervention suunnittelu, toteutus ja käyttöönotto • Esimerkkinä työnhakuvalmistautuneisuutta vahvistava Työhön-menetelmä • • Intervention toteutus • • Intervention vaikutukset • • Kuvio 2. Tutkimusasetelma (Vuori ym., 2002) • • Kuvio 3. Työhön-ryhmämenetelmän suorat ja välilliset vaikutukset työllistymiseen ja depressio-oireisiin. • Muita esimerkkejä valmistautuneisuuden lisäämisestä muutostilanteissa • Lopuksi 15. Persoonallisuuden merkitys tasapainoiltaessa työn ja perheen vaatimusten välillä (Saija Mauno ja Ulla Kinnunen) • Työn ja perheen yhteensovittaminen – ristiriitoja vai roolien vahvistavuutta? • Persoonallisuuden erilaiset roolit työn ja perheen yhteensovittamisen tutkimuksessa • • Kuvio 1. Persoonallisuuden erilaiset roolit työn ja perheen yhteensovittamisen tutkimuksissa • • Taulukko 1. Yhteenveto tutkimuksista (1998–2008), joissa on tarkasteltu persoonallisuuden ominaisuuksien merkitystä työn ja perheen yhteensovittamisen kokemuksille. • Millainen persoonallisuus lisää taipumusta kokea työn ja perheen välistä ristiriitaa ja vahvistavuutta? • Onko persoonallisuudella merkitystä työn ja perheen välisen ristiriidan ja hyvinvoinnin välisissä suhteissa? • Lopuksi 16. Persoonallisuus ja perhesuhteet (Riitta-Leena Metsäpelto ja Ulla Kinnunen) • Persoonallisuus ja parisuhde • • Parinvalinta – vakka kantensa valitsee? • • Persoonallisuus ja parisuhteen laatu • • Persoonallisuus ja avioero • Muiden kuin persoonallisuustekijöiden merkitys parisuhteen muovaajana • • Kuvio 1. Parisuhteen haavoittuvuus–stressi–sopeutuminen-malli (Karney & Bradbury, 1995) • Persoonallisuus ja vanhemmuus • • Persoonallisuus luo perustan vanhempana toimimiselle • • Kuvio 2. Lastenkasvatukseen vaikuttavat tekijät (Belsky, 1984) • • Vanhemmuuden yhteys viiteen suureen persoonallisuuden piirteeseen • Vanhemmuuden haasteet • Käytännön sovellukset 17. Luovuus ja viisaus osana persoonallisuutta (Isto Ruoppila) • Mitä luovuus on? • • Luova toiminta ja flow • • Luovuus eri ikävaiheissa • • Luovuuden yhteydet persoonallisuuteen • Mitä viisaus on? • • Viisauden tutkimusmenetelmiä • • Viisauteen ja sen kehittymiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä • • Viisauden merkitys • • Viisaus ja persoonallisuus • Pohdintaa luovuuden ja viisauden välisistä yhteyksistä 18. Lapsesta aikuiseksi, mutta miten ja millaiseksi? Kehityksellinen ja yhteiskunnallinen näkökulma persoonallisuuteen (Lea Pulkkinen) • Millainen aikuinen lapsesta tulee? • • Temperamentista persoonallisuuteen • • Kuvio 1. Lapsen temperamentin yhteyksistä persoonallisuuden piirteisiin [koostettu Shinerin (2006) katsauksesta] • • Persoonallisuuden piirteet luovat perustaa aikuisen sosiaaliselle toimintakyvylle • • Persoonallisuustyypit sopeutumisen ennustajina • • Kuvio 2. Käyttäytymisen ja tunteiden säätelyn malli • Aikuisen käyttäytymisen juuret lapsuudessa • Mikä selittää yhteyksiä lapsen ja aikuisen käyttäytymisen välillä? • • Geneettiset ja ympäristötekijät • • Fyysinen ympäristö • • Sosioekonominen asema • • Vanhemmuus • Lopuksi Kirjoittajat Asiahakemisto ...more |
Notes are private!
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Sep 09, 2015
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Sep 11, 2015
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Sep 09, 2015
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| 4.00
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really liked it
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Jun 11, 2018
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May 31, 2018
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| 3.64
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not set
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Oct 09, 2017
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| 3.15
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liked it
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Jun 19, 2017
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Jul 23, 2017
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it was ok
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May 04, 2017
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May 09, 2017
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| 3.89
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Jan 02, 2017
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Nov 02, 2016
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| 3.52
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not set
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Nov 01, 2016
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| 4.25
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not set
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Oct 31, 2016
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| 4.07
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really liked it
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Nov 24, 2016
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Aug 29, 2016
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| 3.85
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really liked it
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Mar 06, 2016
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Dec 10, 2015
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| 3.73
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really liked it
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Feb 17, 2016
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Dec 10, 2015
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| 3.59
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liked it
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Feb 06, 2016
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Dec 10, 2015
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| 4.67
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really liked it
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May 11, 2016
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Dec 09, 2015
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| 3.67
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it was ok
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Mar 26, 2016
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Dec 09, 2015
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| 4.21
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liked it
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Mar 04, 2016
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Dec 09, 2015
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| 3.77
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really liked it
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not set
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Oct 25, 2015
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| 3.74
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not set
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Oct 16, 2015
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| 4.07
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really liked it
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not set
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Oct 13, 2015
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| 2.64
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liked it
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Oct 09, 2015
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Sep 21, 2015
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| 3.27
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liked it
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Sep 21, 2015
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Sep 21, 2015
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| 3.31
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liked it
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Sep 11, 2015
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Sep 09, 2015
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