Teo's Reviews > Sensation & Perception

Contents

Wolfe JM et al. (2015) Sensation & Perception

01. Introduction
• Welcome to Our World
• • Sensation and Perception
• Thresholds and the Dawn of Psychophysics
• • Psychophysical Methods
• • Scaling Methods
• • Signal Detection Theory
• • Fourier Analysis
• Sensory Neuroscience and the Biology of Perception
• • Neuronal Connections
• • Neural Firing: The Action Potential
• • Neuroimaging
• Summary

02. The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signal
• A Little Light Physics
• Eyes That Capture Light
• • Focusing Light onto the Retina
• • The Retina
• • What the Doctor Saw
• • Retinal Geography and Function
• Retinal Information Processing
• • Light Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors
• • Lateral Inhibition through Horizontal and Amacrine Cells
• • Convergence and Divergence of Information via Bipolar Cells
• • Communicating to the Brain via Ganglion Cells
• Dark and Light Adaptation
• • Pupil Size
• • Photopigment Regeneration
• • The Duplex Retina
• • Neural Circuity
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: When Good Retina Goes Bad
• Summary

03. Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes
• Visual Acuity: Oh Say, Can You See?
• • A Visit to the Eye Doctor
• • Types of Visual Acuity
• • Acuity for Low-Contrast Stripes
• • Why Sine Wave Gratings?
• Retinal Ganglion Cells and Stripes
• The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
• The Striate Cortex
• • The Topography of the Human Cortex
• • Some Perceptual Consequences of Cortical Magnification
• Receptive Fields in Striate Cortex
• • Orientation Selectivity
• • Other Receptive-Field Properties
• • Simple and Complex Cells
• • Further Complications
• Columns and Hypercolumns
• Selective Adaptation: The Psychologist's Electrode
• • The Site of Selective Adaptation Effects
• • Spatial Frequency–Tuned Pattern Analyzers in Human Vision
• The Development of Spatial Vision
• • Development of the Contrast Sensitivity Function
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: The Girl Who Almost Couldn't See Stripes
• Summary

04. Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
• What and Where Pathways
• The Problems of Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
• Middle Vision
• • Finding Edges
• • Texture Segmentation and Grouping
• • Perceptual Committees Revisited
• • Figure and Ground
• • Dealing with Occlusion
• • Parts and Wholes
• • Summarizing Middle Vision
• • From Metaphor to Formal Model
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Material Perception: The Everyday Problem of Knowing What It Is Made Of
• Object Recognition
• • Templates versus Structural Descriptions
• • Problems with Structural-Description Theories
• • Multiple Recognition Committees?
• • Faces: An Illustrative Special Case
• • The Pathway Runs in Both Directions: Feedback and Reentrant Processing
• Summary

05. The Perception of Color
• Basic Principles of Color Perception
• • Three Steps to Color Perception
• Step 1: Color Detection
• Step 2: Color Discrimination
• • The Principle of Univariance
• • The Trichromatic Solution
• • Metamers
• • The History of Trichromatic Vision
• • A Brief Digression into Lights, Filters, and Finger Paints
• • From Retina to Brain: Repackaging the Information
• • Cone-Opponent Cells in the Retina and LGN
• • A Different Ganglion Cell Helps to Keep Track of Day and Night
• Step 3: Color Appearance
• • Three Numbers, Many Colors
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Picking Colors
• • The Limits of the Rainbow
• • Opponent Colors
• • Color in the Visual Cortex
• Individual Differences in Color Perception
• • Philosophical Problem of "Inverted Qualia"
• • Language and Color
• • Genetic Differences in Color Vision
• From the Color of Lights to a World of Color
• • Adaptation and Afterimages
• • Color Constancy
• • The Problem with the Illuminant
• • Physical Constraints Make Constancy Possible
• What Is Color Vision Good For?
• Summary

06. Space Perception and Binocular Vision
• Monocular Cues to Three-Dimensional Space
• • Occlusion
• • Size and Position Cues
• • Aerial Perspective
• • Linear Perspective
• • Pictorial Depth Cues and Pictures
• • Motion Cues
• • Accommodation and Convergence
• Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
• • Stereoscopes and Stereograms
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Recovering Stereo Vision
• • Random Dot Stereograms
• • Stereo Movies, TV, and Video Games
• • Using Binocular Stereopsis
• • Stereoscopic Correspondence
• • The Physiological Basis of Stereopsis and Depth Perception
• Combining Depth Cues
• • The Bayesian Approach Revisited
• • Illusions and the Construction of Space
• • Binocular Rivalry and Suppression
• Development of Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
• • Abnormal Visual Experience Can Disrupt Binocular Vision
• Summary

07. Attention and Scene Perception
• Selection in Space
• • The "Spotlight" of Attention
• Visual Search
• • Feature Searches Are Efficient
• • Many Searches Are Inefficient
• • In Real-World Searches, Basic Features Guide Visual Search
• • The Binding Problem in Visual Search
• Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink
• The Physiological Basis of Attention
• • Attention Could Enhance Neural Activity
• • Attention Could Enhance the Processing of a Specific Type of Stimulus
• • Attention Could Coordinate the Activity of Different Brain Areas
• • Attention and Single Cells
• Disorders of Visual Attention
• • Neglect
• • Extinction
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Selective Attention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Perceiving and Understanding Scenes
• • Two Pathways to Scene Perception
• • The Nonselective Pathway Computes Ensemble Statistics
• • The Nonselective Pathway Computes Scene Gists and Layout—Very Quickly
• • Memory for Objects and Scenes Is Amazingly Good
• • But, Memory for Objects and Scenes Can Be Amazingly Bad: Change Blindness
• • What Do We Actually See?
• Summary

08. Visual Motion Perception
• Computation of Visual Motion
• • Apparent Motion
• • The Correspondence Problem
• • The Aperture Problem
• • Detection of Global Motion in Area MT
• • Motion Aftereffects Revisited
• • Second-Order Motion
• Using Motion Information
• • Going with the Flow: Using Motion Information to Navigate
• • Something in the Way You Move: Using Motion Information to Identify Objects
• • Avoiding Imminent Collision: The Tao of Tau
• Eye Movements
• • Physiology and Types of Eye Movements
• • Eye Movements and Reading
• • Saccadic Suppression and the Comparator
• • Updating the Neural Mechanisms for Eye Movement Compensation
• Development of Motion Perception
• • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: The Man Who Couldn't See Motion
• Summary

09. Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics
• The Function of Hearing
• What Is Sound?
• • Basic Qualities of Sound Waves: Frequency and Amplitude
• • Sine Waves and Complex Sounds
• Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System
• • Outer Ear
• • Middle Ear
• • Inner Ear
• • The Auditory Nerve
• • Auditory Brain Structures
• Basic Operating Characteristics of the Auditory System
• • Intensity and Loudness
• • Frequency and Pitch
• Hearing Loss
• • Treating Hearing Loss
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Electronic Ears
• Summary

10. Hearing in the Environment
• Sound Localization
• • Interaural Time Difference
• • Interaural Level Difference
• • Cones of Confusion
• • Pinna and Head Cues
• • Auditory Distance Perception
• Complex Sounds
• • Harmonics
• • Timbre
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Auditory "Color" Constancy
• • Attack and Decay
• Auditory Scene Analysis
• • Spatial, Spectral, and Temporal Segregation
• • Grouping by Timbre
• • Grouping by Onset
• • When Sounds Become Familiar
• Continuity and Restoration Effects
• • Restoration of Complex Sounds
• Auditory Attention
• Summary

11. Music and Speech Perception
• Music
• • Musical Notes
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Music and Emotion
• • Making Music
• Speech
• • Speech Production
• • Speech Perception
• • Learning to Listen
• • Speech in the Brain
• Summary

12. The Vestibular System and Our Sense of Equilibrium
• Vestibular Contributions to Equilibrium
• • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Evolution and Equilibrium
• Modalities and Qualities of Spatial Orientation
• • Sensing Angular Motion, Linear Motion, and Tilt
• • Basis Qualities of Spatial Orientation: Amplitude and Direction
• The Mammalian Vestibular System
• • Hair Cells: Mechanical Transducers
• • Semicircular Canals
• • Otolith Organs
• Spatial Orientation Perception
• • Rotation Perception
• • Translation Perception
• • Tilt Perception
• Sensory Integration
• • Visual-Vestibular Integration
• Active Sensing
• Reflexive Vestibular Responses
• • Vestibulo-Ocular Responses
• • Vestibulo-Autonomic Responses
• • Vestibulo-Spinal Responses
• Spatial Orientation Cortex
• • Vestibular Thalamocortical Pathways
• • Cortical Influences
• When the Vestibular System Goes Bad
• • Mal de Debarquement Syndrome
• • Ménière's Syndrome
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Amusement Park Rides—Vestibular Physics Is Fun
• Summary

13. Touch
• Touch Physiology
• • Touch Receptors in the Skin
• • Kinesthetic Receptors
• • From Skin to Brain
• • Pain
• Tactile Sensitivity and Acuity
• • How Sensitive Are We to Mechanical Pressure?
• • How Finely Can We Resolve Spatial Details?
• • How Finely Can We Resolve Temporal Details?
• • Do People Differ in Tactile Sensitivity?
• Haptic Perception
• • Perception for Action
• • Action for Perception
• • Role of Fingerprints in Perception and Action
• • The What System of Touch: Perceiving Objects and Their Properties
• • The Where System of Touch: Locating Objects
• • Tactile Spatial Attention
• • Social Touch
• • Interactions between Touch and Other Modalities
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Haptic Virtual Environments
• Summary

14. Olfaction
• Olfactory Physiology
• • Odors and Odorants
• • The Human Olfactory Apparatus
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Anosmia
• Neurophysiology of Olfaction
• • The Genetic Basis of Olfactory Receptors
• • The Feel of Scent
• From Chemicals to Smells
• • Theories of Olfactory Perception
• • The Importance of Patterns
• • Is Odor Perception Synthetic or Analytical?
• • The Power of Sniffing
• • Odor Imagery
• Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation
• • Detection, Discrimination, and Recognition
• • Psychophysical Methods for Detection and Discrimination
• • Identification
• • Individual Differences
• • Adaptation
• • Cognitive Habituation
• Olfactory Hedonics
• • Familiarity and Intensity
• • Nature or Nurture?
• • An Evolutionary Argument
• • Caveats
• Associative Learning and Emotion: Neuroanatomical and Evolutionary Considerations
• • The Vomeronasal Organ, Human Pheromones, and Chemosignals
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Odor-Evoked Memory and the Truth behind Aromatherapy
• Summary

15. Taste
• Taste versus Flavor
• • Localizing Flavor Sensations
• • • Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Volatile-Enhanced Taste: A New Way to Safely Alter Flavors
• Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System
• • Papillae
• • Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells
• • Taste Processing in the Central Nervous System
• The Four Basic Tastes
• • Salty
• • Sour
• • Bitter
• • Sweet
• Genetic Variation in Bitter
• • Supertasters
• • Health Consequences of Taste Sensation
• Wisdom of the Body: How Do We Solve the "Omnivore's Dilemma"?
• • How Do We Regulate Nutrients? Early Belief in "Specific Hungers" Gave Way to Identification of Conditioned Preferences and Aversions
• • The Special Case of Umami
• • The Special Case of Fat
• • Is All Olfactory Affect Learned?
• The Nature of Taste Qualities
• • Taste Adaptation and Cross-Adaptation
• • Pleasure and Retronasal versus Orthonasal Olfaction
• • Chili Peppers
• Summary

Glossary
References
Photo Credits
Index