The Nordic countries host many smaller and larger music festivals of all kinds, some of which have gained international recognition, attracting international stars on a regular basis.

Denmark has a lively and broad musical culture. Even though most of the folk dance and folk music traditions haven't been kept alive in the popular culture, singing has continued to be strongly rooted in Denmark through the centuries. After the reformation in 1536, a large number of psalms were composed in Danish by notable poets like Brorson, Kingo, Grundtvig and Ingemann and they are still very popular in churches and some even on non-religious occasions. In the later half of the 1800s, during a soaring wave of Danish nationalism, a lot of new songs were composed and added to the already large body of Danish songs. Singing became an important part of the Højskole tradition, and ordinary schools as well, and in 1894, the first collection of Danish songs was issued in Højskolesangbogen. This particular songbook has seen many subsequent editions and is the most popular songbook in the country to this day. Outside the cultural institutions, there is a strong tradition for performers and troubadours composing and singing in Danish, with iconic performers from modern times like John Mogensen, Trille, Kim Larsen, C V Jørgensen, Anne Linnet, Michael Falch, Povl Dissing, Johnny Madsen and Niels Hausgaard. The Danish language has a small audience, but singing in Danish have seen something of a revival in the new millennium, as represented by popular artists Medina, Suspekt, Carl Emil (Ulige Numre), Sys Bjerre, Nephew and Peter Sommer.

In the classical genre, Denmark had many Romantic composers, of which Carl Nielsen and Hans Christian Lumbye are perhaps the most notable. More recent and experimental composers includes Vagn Holmboe, Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen, Anders Nordentoft and Per Nørgård. The contemporary scene for classical music is both broad and very active with many notable and prolific composers and solo-artists. Opera has been enjoyed in Denmark since the early 1700s, when the royal family introduced this art form, inspired by Italy. Early composers of Danish operas includes J. A. P. Schulz and Kuntzen from the 1780s and several notable operas were produced in the 1800s onwards, including the still popular Elverhøj (Elves' Hill) from 1828 by Kuhlau. More recent and active composers includes John Frandsen, Poul Ruders and Bent Lorentzen who have also worked internationally with both operas and orchestral compositions. Opera can be experienced regularly in Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg, Odense and Esbjerg.

Today, Denmark hosts many music festivals of all musical genres, and is especially known for the popular annual Roskilde festival and Copenhagen Jazzfestival. Well-known and active international artists and bands from Denmark includes Mø, Oh Land, Lukas Graham, Mew and Volbeat to mention just a few from the pop and rock scene. In pop music, Denmark is particularly known for the genre of bubblegum dance, with bands such as Aqua and Toy-Box achieving international success in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

The national identity of Finland was formed in the 19th century, with romantic classical composers such as Jean Sibelius as important contributors. Classical music continues to be strong in Finland, with the musical education internationally famous and classical "music festivals" in summer consisting of concert series of one or a few weeks arranged in most cities and even in some minor towns and villages, beside the ordinary concert program in cities in winter. Special events of classical music include the Savonlinna Opera festival (with the medieval castle as stage), the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival, the Mirjam Helin Competition and the International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition.

Social dancing to live music is an important way of gathering for quite many people. A variant of tango has become a broadly popular social dance in Finland, although Finland has almost no common history with Argentina. The Tangomarkkinat in Seinäjoki is probably the biggest tango event worldwide.

Folk music is very much alive, although a niche. The rune singing and kantele of yore have been complemented by folk music more in line with the Scandinavian tradition. The yearly week-long folk music festival in Kaustinen attracts some 3,000 artists. Also the Sámi tradition is very much alive; joiks can be heard at private gatherings as well as at festivals and concerts. The Sámi world music band Angelit got quite some fame even internationally.

Finland has a rock'n'roll scene with spectacular acts, such as Leningrad Cowboys or Lordi who surprised everybody by winning the Eurovision Song Contest in 2006. Some Finnish metal bands have achieved success in the heavy metal scene worldwide, including HIM, Children of Bodom, Lordi, Nightwish, Sonata Arctica and Apocalyptica. There are many rock festivals (some for a specific genre, some interpreting "rock" rather liberally) around the country in summer.

The Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic has a rich heritage of Faroese folk music and dance and it is still very much alive. The young generation have also taken up contemporary music with several notable rock and pop bands and musicians, such as Teitur, Dánjal á Neystabø, Gestir and Hamferð. The long lasting artgroup and band Yggdrasil also includes musicians from Denmark and plays a broad repertoire of Faroese ballads, Inuit songs and Shetland folk, often with an improvisational jazzy approach.

The original folk music of the Greenland Inuit is the drum dancing, accompanied by storytelling songs, chants and sometimes shaman rituals. It also includes a plethora of vocal and musical games. When Christianity was introduced, the shamanistic culture was abandoned, but Inuit folk music is still practised as a performing art occasionally. The Scandinavian settlers introduced new instruments, and new folk music styles evolved, such as the Kalattuut, a sort of polka, and the more recent vaigat, akin to country music. Since the 1950s, jazz, rock and pop have all inspired a growing Greenlandic scene for contemporary music. Every summer, Aassivik music festivals are arranged.

Iceland has produced pop stars such as Björk, Emilíana Torrini, Sigur-Rós and, in 2010, Of Monsters and Men.

Norway is known for Edvard Grieg, as well as modern acts such as A-Ha, M2M, Lene Marlin, and Alexander Rybak, and a dominance of the black metal scene.

Black metal is an extreme form of heavy metal, lyrically often dealing with occult and anti-religion. During its early scene in Norway in the 1990s, its performers were involved in a whole load of high-profile controversial acts including arson and murder.

While the scene doesn't have a significant following in its native ground, as it has been intentionally underground since its beginnings, the associated productions are considered to be one of the leading cultural exports of Norway.

Sweden has a rich folk music heritage, in particular in provinces such as Dalarna and Hälsingland. One peculiarity is drinking songs, snapsvisor, traditionally sung to a shot of schnapps.

While Sweden has few world famous classical composers on par with Grieg or Sibelius, some notable Swedish names in the genre are Baroque composer Johan Helmich Roman (1694–1758), opera soprano Jenny Lind (1820–1887) and romantic composer and conductor Hugo Alfvén (1872–1960).

Today, Sweden is mostly famous for pop music. Siw Malmkvist was one of the first pop singers famous outside the Nordic countries, with Sole Sole Sole reaching the Billboard 100 in 1964. The Golden Age of Swedish pop began on the 6th of April 1974, ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest with Waterloo; the same day as Blue Swede (starring Björn Skifs) reached the top of the Billboard List. Sweden's next globally successful pop band was Roxette, who performed It Must Have Been Love for the soundtrack to the 1990 film Pretty Woman and had four #1 Billboard songs in total.

In the 1990s, Sweden established a scene of DJs and music producers who reached international fame. Denniz Pop (1963–1998) wrote the debut songs for Britney Spears and Backstreet Boys. He mentored Max Martin, who has produced 23 #1 Billboard songs; only surpassed by The Beatles.

Since then, Sweden has had countless world acts, including Robyn, Swedish House Mafia, Avicii, Tove Lo, and Zara Larsson. Sing-alongs are popular; the Allsång på Skansen event takes place every Tuesday evening through summer, featuring older and newer Swedish artists and acts. It's a popular live event but is also broadcasted on Swedish and Finnish television .

Sweden pioneered home computing and Internet use, and has been a haven for music piracy, with services such as The Pirate Bay (launched in 2003 and still online despite prison sentences for its founders, and efforts to shut it down). Since the 2010s, the Swedish application Spotify has been the world's leading application for music streaming.

Sweden has won the Eurovision Song Contest six times, and has an enormous fan base for the event. The televised Melodifestivalen competition to determine who will represent Sweden in the ESC is a big event and competing songs (also the performances that don't win) may become popular hits.

See also: European classical music#Nordic countries

Map of Nordic music

• European classical music
• Music in Britain and Ireland
• Rock and roll