S100B

S100B
Dostupne strukture
PDB	Pretraga ortologa: PDBe RCSB
Spisak PDB ID kodova
	1MQ1, 1UWO, 2H61, 2M49, 2PRU, 3CZT, 3D0Y, 3D10, 3HCM, 4XYN, 5CSJ, 5CSF, 5CSN, 5CSI
Identifikatori
Aliasi	S100B
Vanjski ID-jevi	OMIM: 176990 MGI: 98217 HomoloGene: 4567 GeneCards: S100B
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hrom.	Hromosom 21 (čovjek)
Kraj	46,605,208 bp
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hrom.	Hromosom 10 (miš)
Kraj	76,096,993 bp
Obrazac RNK ekspresije
	Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija	• calcium ion binding; • S100 protein binding; • protein homodimerization activity; • vezivanje iona cinka; • vezivanje iona metala; • calcium-dependent protein binding; • GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine; • vezivanje identičnih proteina; • tau protein binding; • signaling receptor binding; • RAGE receptor binding;
Ćelijska komponenta	• citoplazma; • ruffle; • extracellular region; • soma; • perinuklearno područje citoplazme; • jedro; • Vanćelijsko;
Biološki proces	• axonogenesis; • response to glucocorticoid; • Memorija; • negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation; • central nervous system development; • astrocyte differentiation; • positive regulation of synaptic transmission; • positive regulation of cell population proliferation; • regulation of cell shape; • positive regulation of apoptotic process; • learning or memory; • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; • regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity; • response to methylmercury; • Ćelijska proliferacija; • Urođeni imunski sistem; • cellular response to hypoxia; • long-term potentiation; • positive regulation of myelination;
	Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
	6285
	20203
	ENSG00000160307
	ENSMUSG00000033208
	P04271
	P50114
	NM_006272
	NM_009115
	NP_006263
	NP_033141
	Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjek	Pogledaj/uredi – miš

S100 kalcij-vezujući protein B (S100B) jest član porodice S-100 proteina, koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom S100 sa hromosoma 21.

S100 proteini su nalaze se u citoplazmi i jedru širokog spektra ćelija i uključeni su u regulaciju brojnih ćelijskih procesa kao što su napredovanje ćelijskog ciklusa i ćelijska diferencijacija. S100 geni uključuju najmanje 13 članova koji su locirani kao klaster na hromosomskoj regiji 1q21; međutim, ovaj gen se nalazi na 21q22.3.

Aminokiselinska sekvenca

Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 92 aminokiseline, a molekulska težina 10.713 Da.

C: Cistein

D: Asparaginska kiselina

E: Glutaminska kiselina

F: Fenilalanin

G: Glicin

H: Histidin

I: Izoleucin

K: Lizin

L: Leucin

M: Metionin

N: Asparagin

P: Prolin

Q: Glutamin

R: Arginin

S: Serin

T: Treonin

V: Valin

W: Triptofan

Y: Tirozin

10		20		30		40		50
MSELEKAMVA		LIDVFHQYSG		REGDKHKLKK		SELKELINNE		LSHFLEEIKE
QEVVDKVMET		LDNDGDGECD		FQEFMAFVAM		VTTACHEFFE		HE

Funkcija

S100B je specifičan za gliju, eksprimiran prvenstveno putem astrocita, ali ga ne eksprimiraju svi astrociti. Pokazalo se da se S100B eksprimira samo podtipom zrelih astrocita koji pokrivaju krvne sudove i u čelijama koje eksprimiraju NG2.^[5]

Ovaj protein može funkcionirati u proširenju neurita, proliferaciji ćelija melanoma, stimulaciji tokova Ca²⁺, inhibiciji PKC posredovane fosforilacije, astrocitoza, proliferacija aksona i inhibicija sklapanja mikrotubula. U razvoju centralnog nervnog sistema (CNS) djeluje kao neurotrofni faktor i protein za preživljavanje neurona. U odraslom organizmu obično je na povišenoj razini zbog oštećenja nervnog sistema, što ga čini potencijalnim kliničkim markerom.

Klinički značaj

Hromosomski preuređenje i izmijenjena ekspresije ovog gena su implicirani u nekoliko neuroloških, neoplazijskih i ostalih tipova bolesti, uključujući Alzheimerovu bolest, Downov sindrom, epilepsiju, amiotrofnu lateralnu sklerozu, švanom, melanom i dijabetes melitus tipa I.^[6]

Sugerirano je da regulacija S100B pomoću melitina ima potencijal za liječenje epilepsije.^[7]

Dijagnostička upotreba

S100B luče astrociti ili se može izliti iz ozlijeđenih ćelija i ući u vanćelijski prostor ili krvotok. Nivo S100B u serumu povećan je kod pacijenata tokom akutne faze oštećenja mozga. Tokom posljednje decenije, S100B se pojavio kao kandidat za periferni biomarker permeabilnosti krvno-moždane barijere (BBB) i povrede CNS-a. Povišeni nivoi S100B tačno odražavaju prisustvo neuropatoloških stanja uključujući traumatske povrede glave ili neurodegenerativne bolesti. Normalni nivoi S100B pouzdano isključuju velike patološke promjene CNS-a. Njegova potencijalna klinička upotreba u procesu donošenja terapijskih odluka potkrijepljena je ogromnom količinom literature koja potvrđuje varijacije u nivoima 100B u serumu sa standardnim modalitetima za prognozu obima oštećenja CNS-a: promjene u neurosnimcima, cerebrospinalnom pritisku i drugim molekulskim markerima mozga (neuronski specifična enolaza i glijski vlaknasti kiseli protein). Međutim, što je još važnije, zabilježeno je da se nivoi S100B povećavaju prije bilo kakvih uočljivih promjena unutarmoždanog peritiska, neurosnimanja i nalaza neurološkog skrininga. Dakle, glavna prednost upotrebe S100B je to što povišenje nivoa u serumu ili CSF-u pružaju osjetljivu mjeru za određivanje povrede CNS-a na molekulskm nivou prije nego što se razviju grube promjene, omogućavajući pravovremenu isporuku ključne medicinske intervencije prije nego što dođe do nepovratnog oštećenja. Prije napada, povišeni su nivoi S100B u serumu, što sugerira da bi curenje BBB moglo biti rani događaj u njegovom razvoju.^[8]

Izuzetno važna primjena testiranja serumskog S100B je u odabiru pacijenata s lakšim ozljedama glave kojima nije potrebna daljnja neuroradiološka evaluacija, jer su studije koje su upoređivale CT skeniranje i nivoe S100B pokazale da su vrijednosti S100B ispod 0,12 ng/mL povezane s niskim rizikom očiglednih neuroradioloških promjena (kao što je intrakranijsko krvarenje ili oticanje mozga) ili značajnih kliničkih posljedica.^[9] Odlična negativna prediktivna vrijednost S100B u nekoliko neuroloških stanja je zbog činjenice da serumski nivoi S100B odražavaju promjene permeabilnosti krvno-moždane barijere, čak i u odsustvu neuronske ozljede.^[10]^[11] Osim toga, S100B, koji je također prisutan u ljudskim melanocitima, pouzdan je marker za zloćudnost melanoma, kako u biopsijskom tkivu tako i u serumu.^[12]^[13]

Modelni organizmi

U proučavanju funkcije S100B korišteni su modelni organizmi. Uvjetna linija nokaut-miša, zvana S100b^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi}^[14]^[15] generirana je kao dio Međunasrodnog konzorcija za nokaut-miševe— projekta mutageneze velike propusnosti za generiranje i distribuciju životinjskih modela bolesti zainteresovanim naučnicima — u Institutu Wellcome Trust Sanger.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Fenotip *S100b* nokaut-miševa
Svojstvo	Fenotip
Vijabilnost homozigota	Normalan
Plodnost	Normalan
Tjelesna težina	Normalan
Anksioznost otvorenog polja	Normalan
Neurološka procjena	Normalan
Snaga stiska	Normalan
Test vruće ploče	Normalan
Dismorfologija	Normalan
Posredna kalorimetrija	Normalan
Test tolerancije glukoze	Normalan
Slušni odgovor moždanog stabla	Normalan
DEXA	Normalan
Radiografija	Normalan
Tjelesna temperatura	Normalan
Morfologija oka	Normalan
Klinička hemija	Normalan
Hematologija	Normalan
Limfociti periferne krvi	Normalan
Mikronukleus test	Normalan
Težina srca	Normal
Histopatologija mozga	Normalan
Salmonella infekcija	Normalan^[19]
Citrobacter infekcija	Normalan^[20]
Svi testovi i analize su prema:^[21]^[22]

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.^[21]^[23] Obavljena su 23 testa na mutantnim miševima, ali još uvijek nisu uočene značajne abnormalnosti.^[21]

Interakcije

Pokazalo se da S100B ima interakcije sa:

Reference

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160307 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033208 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Wang DD, Bordey A (December 2008). "The astrocyte odyssey". Prog. Neurobiol. 86 (4): 342–67. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.015. PMC 2613184. PMID 18948166.
^ "Entrez Gene: S100B S100 calcium binding protein B".
^ Verma N, Karmakar M, Singh KP, Smita S (February 2013). "Structural and Dynamic Insights into S100B Protein Activity Inhibition by Melittin for the Treatment of Epilepsy". International Journal of Computer Applications. NSAAILS (975–8887): 55–60.
^ Marchi N, Angelov L, Masaryk T, Fazio V, Granata T, Hernandez N, Hallene K, Diglaw T, Franic L, Najm I, Janigro D (April 2007). "Seizure-promoting effect of blood–brain barrier disruption". Epilepsia. 48 (4): 732–42. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00988.x. PMC 4135474. PMID 17319915.
^ Zongo D, Ribéreau-Gayon R, Masson F, Laborey M, Contrand B, Salmi LR, Montaudon D, Beaudeux JL, Meurin A, Dousset V, Loiseau H, Lagarde E (2012). "S100-B protein as a screening tool for the early assessment of minor head injury". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 59 (1): 209–218. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.07.027. PMID 21944878.
^ Czeisler BM, Janigro D (June 2006). "Reading and writing the blood–brain barrier: relevance to therapeutics". Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery. 1 (2): 157–73. doi:10.2174/157488906777452712. PMID 18221201.
^ Marchi N, Cavaglia M, Fazio V, Bhudia S, Hallene K, Janigro D (April 2004). "Peripheral markers of blood–brain barrier damage". Clinica Chimica Acta. 342 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2003.12.008. PMID 15026262.
^ Michetti F, Corvino V, Geloso MC, Lattanzi W, Bernardini C, Serpero L, Gazzolo D (March 2012). "The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress". J. Neurochem. 120 (5): 644–59. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x. PMID 22145907. S2CID 205624114.
^ Cocchia D, Michetti F, Donato R (November 1981). "Immunochemical and immuno-cytochemical localization of S-100 antigen in normal human skin". Nature. 294 (5836): 85–7. Bibcode:1981Natur.294...85C. doi:10.1038/294085a0. PMID 7290214. S2CID 4333999.
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^ Dolgin E (June 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
^ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (January 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247. S2CID 18872015.
^ "Salmonella infection data for S100b". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
^ "Citrobacter infection data for S100b". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 (S248): 0. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x. S2CID 85911512.
^ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
^ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biol. 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.
^ Gentil BJ, Delphin C, Mbele GO, Deloulme JC, Ferro M, Garin J, Baudier J (June 2001). "The giant protein AHNAK is a specific target for the calcium- and zinc-binding S100B protein: potential implications for Ca2+ homeostasis regulation by S100B". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (26): 23253–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010655200. PMID 11312263.
^ Vig PJ, Shao Q, Subramony SH, Lopez ME, Safaya E (September 2009). "Bergmann glial S100B activates myo-inositol monophosphatase 1 and Co-localizes to purkinje cell vacuoles in SCA1 transgenic mice". Cerebellum. 8 (3): 231–44. doi:10.1007/s12311-009-0125-5. PMC 3351107. PMID 19593677.
^ Mbele GO, Deloulme JC, Gentil BJ, Delphin C, Ferro M, Garin J, Takahashi M, Baudier J (December 2002). "The zinc- and calcium-binding S100B interacts and co-localizes with IQGAP1 during dynamic rearrangement of cell membranes". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (51): 49998–50007. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205363200. PMID 12377780.
^ Yu WH, Fraser PE (April 2001). "S100beta interaction with tau is promoted by zinc and inhibited by hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease". J. Neurosci. 21 (7): 2240–6. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-07-02240.2001. PMC 6762409. PMID 11264299.
^ Baudier J, Cole RD (April 1988). "Interactions between the microtubule-associated tau proteins and S100b regulate tau phosphorylation by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (12): 5876–83. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60647-7. PMID 2833519.
^ Lin J, Yang Q, Yan Z, Markowitz J, Wilder PT, Carrier F, Weber DJ (August 2004). "Inhibiting S100B restores p53 levels in primary malignant melanoma cancer cells". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (32): 34071–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M405419200. PMID 15178678.
^ Landar A, Caddell G, Chessher J, Zimmer DB (September 1996). "Identification of an S100A1/S100B target protein: phosphoglucomutase". Cell Calcium. 20 (3): 279–85. doi:10.1016/S0143-4160(96)90033-0. PMID 8894274.
^ Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.
^ ^a ^b Yang Q, O'Hanlon D, Heizmann CW, Marks A (February 1999). "Demonstration of heterodimer formation between S100B and S100A6 in the yeast two-hybrid system and human melanoma". Exp. Cell Res. 246 (2): 501–9. doi:10.1006/excr.1998.4314. PMID 9925766.
^ ^a ^b Deloulme JC, Assard N, Mbele GO, Mangin C, Kuwano R, Baudier J (November 2000). "S100A6 and S100A11 are specific targets of the calcium- and zinc-binding S100B protein in vivo". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (45): 35302–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003943200. PMID 10913138.
^ Fackler OT, Luo W, Geyer M, Alberts AS, Peterlin BM (June 1999). "Activation of Vav by Nef induces cytoskeletal rearrangements and downstream effector functions". Mol. Cell. 3 (6): 729–39. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(01)80005-8. PMID 10394361.

Dopunska literatura

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Garbuglia M, Verzini M, Sorci G, Bianchi R, Giambanco I, Agneletti AL, Donato R (2000). "The calcium-modulated proteins, S100A1 and S100B, as potential regulators of the dynamics of type III intermediate filaments". Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 32 (10): 1177–85. doi:10.1590/s0100-879x1999001000001. PMID 10510252.
Rothermundt M, Peters M, Prehn JH, Arolt V (2003). "S100B in brain damage and neurodegeneration". Microsc. Res. Tech. 60 (6): 614–32. doi:10.1002/jemt.10303. PMID 12645009. S2CID 25531839.
Michetti F, Gazzolo D (2004). "S100B testing in pregnancy". Clin. Chim. Acta. 335 (1–2): 1–7. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00243-2. PMID 12927678.
Raabe A, Kopetsch O, Woszczyk A, Lang J, Gerlach R, Zimmermann M, Seifert V (2004). "Serum S-100B protein as a molecular marker in severe traumatic brain injury". Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 21 (3–4): 159–69. PMID 14530578.
Sen J, Belli A (2007). "S100B in neuropathologic states: the CRP of the brain?". J. Neurosci. Res. 85 (7): 1373–80. doi:10.1002/jnr.21211. PMID 17348038. S2CID 25932611.
Morii K, Tanaka R, Takahashi Y, Minoshima S, Fukuyama R, Shimizu N, Kuwano R (1991). "Structure and chromosome assignment of human S100 alpha and beta subunit genes". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 175 (1): 185–91. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81218-5. PMID 1998503.
Allore RJ, Friend WC, O'Hanlon D, Neilson KM, Baumal R, Dunn RJ, Marks A (1990). "Cloning and expression of the human S100 beta gene". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (26): 15537–43. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55430-2. PMID 2394738.
Duncan AM, Higgins J, Dunn RJ, Allore R, Marks A (1989). "Refined sublocalization of the human gene encoding the beta subunit of the S100 protein (S100B) and confirmation of a subtle t(9;21) translocation using in situ hybridization". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 50 (4): 234–5. doi:10.1159/000132767. PMID 2530061.
Baudier J, Cole RD (1988). "Interactions between the microtubule-associated tau proteins and S100b regulate tau phosphorylation by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (12): 5876–83. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60647-7. PMID 2833519.
Allore R, O'Hanlon D, Price R, Neilson K, Willard HF, Cox DR, Marks A, Dunn RJ (1988). "Gene encoding the beta subunit of S100 protein is on chromosome 21: implications for Down syndrome". Science. 239 (4845): 1311–3. Bibcode:1988Sci...239.1311A. doi:10.1126/science.2964086. PMID 2964086.
Jensen R, Marshak DR, Anderson C, Lukas TJ, Watterson DM (1985). "Characterization of human brain S100 protein fraction: amino acid sequence of S100 beta". J. Neurochem. 45 (3): 700–5. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04048.x. PMID 4031854. S2CID 46028228.
Baudier J, Glasser N, Haglid K, Gerard D (1984). "Purification, characterization and ion binding properties of human brain S100b protein". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 790 (2): 164–73. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(84)90220-6. PMID 6487634.
Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, Fuldner RA, Bult CJ, Lee NH, Kirkness EF, Weinstock KG, Gocayne JD, White O (1995). "Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence" (PDF). Nature. 377 (6547 Suppl): 3–174. PMID 7566098.
Schäfer BW, Wicki R, Engelkamp D, Mattei MG, Heizmann CW (1995). "Isolation of a YAC clone covering a cluster of nine S100 genes on human chromosome 1q21: rationale for a new nomenclature of the S100 calcium-binding protein family". Genomics. 25 (3): 638–43. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80005-7. PMID 7759097.
Reeves RH, Yao J, Crowley MR, Buck S, Zhang X, Yarowsky P, Gearhart JD, Hilt DC (1994). "Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (12): 5359–63. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.5359R. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.12.5359. PMC 43994. PMID 8202493.
Engelkamp D, Schäfer BW, Mattei MG, Erne P, Heizmann CW (1993). "Six S100 genes are clustered on human chromosome 1q21: identification of two genes coding for the two previously unreported calcium-binding proteins S100D and S100E". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (14): 6547–51. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.6547E. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.14.6547. PMC 46969. PMID 8341667.
Peña LA, Brecher CW, Marshak DR (1997). "beta-Amyloid regulates gene expression of glial trophic substance S100 beta in C6 glioma and primary astrocyte cultures". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 34 (1): 118–26. doi:10.1016/0169-328X(95)00145-I. PMID 8750867.
Argandoña EG, Bengoetxea H, Lafuente JV (2009). "Physical exercise is required for environmental enrichment to offset the quantitative effects of dark-rearing on the S-100β astrocytic density in the rat visual cortex". Journal of Anatomy. 215 (2): 132–40. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01103.x. PMC 2740960. PMID 19500177.
Landar A, Caddell G, Chessher J, Zimmer DB (1997). "Identification of an S100A1/S100B target protein: phosphoglucomutase". Cell Calcium. 20 (3): 279–85. doi:10.1016/S0143-4160(96)90033-0. PMID 8894274.

Ovaj članak uključuje tekst iz Nacionalne medicinske biblioteke Sjedinjenih Država, koji je u javnom vlasništvu.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160307 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033208 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid18948166-5] Wang DD, Bordey A (December 2008). "The astrocyte odyssey". Prog. Neurobiol. 86 (4): 342–67. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.015. PMC 2613184. PMID 18948166.

[6] "Entrez Gene: S100B S100 calcium binding protein B".

[Verma_2013-7] Verma N, Karmakar M, Singh KP, Smita S (February 2013). "Structural and Dynamic Insights into S100B Protein Activity Inhibition by Melittin for the Treatment of Epilepsy". International Journal of Computer Applications. NSAAILS (975–8887): 55–60.

[8] Marchi N, Angelov L, Masaryk T, Fazio V, Granata T, Hernandez N, Hallene K, Diglaw T, Franic L, Najm I, Janigro D (April 2007). "Seizure-promoting effect of blood–brain barrier disruption". Epilepsia. 48 (4): 732–42. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00988.x. PMC 4135474. PMID 17319915.

[9] Zongo D, Ribéreau-Gayon R, Masson F, Laborey M, Contrand B, Salmi LR, Montaudon D, Beaudeux JL, Meurin A, Dousset V, Loiseau H, Lagarde E (2012). "S100-B protein as a screening tool for the early assessment of minor head injury". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 59 (1): 209–218. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.07.027. PMID 21944878.

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