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연성공 衍聖公 衍圣公 Duque Yansheng Duke Yansheng
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연성공(衍聖公)은 중국의 봉작(封爵)의 이름으로, 공자(孔子)의 적손(嫡孫)이 대대로 세습하였던 작위이다. 공자의 자손에 대한 봉작은 처음 진(秦)의 시황제(始皇帝)가 공자의 9세 손인 공부(孔鮒)를 노국문통군(魯國文通君)에 봉하였고, 한(漢)의 고조(高祖)는 공부의 동생 공등(孔騰)을 봉사군(奉祀君)으로 삼았다. 그 뒤, 유교(儒敎)가 전한의 국학(國學)이 되면서 유교를 널리 장려하고 퍼뜨리고자 원제(元帝)는 공자의 13세 손 공패(孔覇)에게 관내후(關內侯)의 작위와 포성군(褒成君)의 칭호를 주었고, 애제(哀帝)는 14세 손 공길(孔吉)을 은소가후(殷紹嘉侯)에 봉했다. 평제(平帝)는 재위 1년에 16세 손 공균(孔均)을 포성후(褒成侯)에 봉하여 이를 세습하게 하였다. 이후 후한(後漢)의 명제(明帝)가 공자의 18세 손 공손(孔損)을 포정후(褒亭侯)에 봉하고, 안제(安帝)가 19세 손 공요(孔曜)를 봉성정후(奉聖亭侯)로 봉한 것을 제외하면 한대에는 모두 포성후라는 작위가 공자의 후손들에게 이어졌다. 1935년에 국민당 정부는 청나라의 작위를 폐지하고 연성공을 대성지성선사봉사관(大成至聖先師奉祀官)으로 고쳐, 현재까지 세습되고 있다. The Duke Yansheng, literally "Honorable Overflowing with Wisdom", sometimes translated as Holy Duke of Yen, was a Chinese title of nobility. It was originally created as a marquis title in the Western Han dynasty for a direct descendant of Confucius. The tombs of the Dukes Yansheng of the Ming and Qing dynasties are located at the Cemetery of Confucius in Qufu, Shandong. 衍聖公是一個中國公爵爵位名,為孔子家族嫡系後裔的世襲封號,始于北宋。此前孔子嫡長孫世襲爵位稱為奉祀君、褒成君、褒成侯、褒亭侯、奉聖亭侯、宗聖侯、崇聖侯、恭聖侯、鄒國公、紹聖侯、褒聖侯、文宣公等。1920年出生、民國北洋政府所封的孔德成為末代衍聖公,也是歷來擔任奉祀職務最久者,共計88年(1920-2008年)。若僅以衍聖公之爵位計算,在位最久者則是晚明孔尚賢,共計62年(1559-1621年)。現任大成至聖先師奉祀官是孔子第七十九代嫡长孫孔垂長。 1935年(民國24年),國民政府改“衍聖公”为“大成至聖先師奉祀官”。衍聖公之名號,從創立至廢止,達880年之久(1055-1935年);若包括唐玄宗設立公爵(文宣公)之位,達1116年之久(739-1935年);若從漢高祖十二年(前195年)創設世襲之奉祀君爵位算起,更達2130年(魏安僖王設立的文信君、秦始皇設立的文通君,並非世襲,不計)。 另,四配之一的述聖孔伋(子思)為孔子之直系孫,故亦為衍聖公之直系祖先。因此,歷朝歷代不另立述聖奉祀官,而係以衍聖公之次子擔任,故職務非世襲。若衍聖公為獨子,其祀則兼祧(祧,祭先祖也;即以「一人承兩戶宗祀」,在宗法制度下,一个男子同时继承两家宗祧的习俗。兼祧人不脱离原来家庭的裔系,兼做所继承家庭之嗣子)。 衍聖公(えんせいこう)は、北宋から清にかけての封爵名。孔子の嫡流の子孫が世襲した。 秦の始皇帝は九世の子孫の孔鮒を魯国文通君に封じた。前漢の高祖は孔鮒の弟のを奉祀君に封じた。 その後、儒教が前漢の国学となるとその宣揚のために元帝は十三世の子孫のに関内侯の爵位と褒成君の号を与え、哀帝は十四世の子孫のを殷紹嘉侯に封じた。平帝は1年に十六世の子孫のを褒成侯に封じ、世襲とした。以後、後漢の明帝が十八世の子孫のを褒亭侯に封じたのと安帝が十九世の子孫のを奉聖亭侯に封じたのを除けば、漢を通じて褒成侯の爵位が受け継がれた。 その後、三国時代の魏では宗聖侯、西晋・東晋・南朝宋では奉聖亭侯、北魏では崇聖侯、北斉では恭聖侯と改められた。北周のときに鄒国公に格上げされ、隋では文帝が鄒国公に封じたが、煬帝のときに紹聖侯に改められた。 唐では当初は褒聖侯に封じていたが、開元年間に孔子に文宣王の称号が贈られると、褒聖侯も公爵に格上げされ、文宣公と呼ばれるようになった。北宋の仁宗の至和2年(1055年)に文宣公は衍聖公に改められ、後代に受け継がれた。 辛亥革命後に誕生した、孔徳成は優待条件で維持されていた清朝朝廷(宣統帝)より、77代衍聖公に封じられている。 1935年、国民政府は清朝の爵位を廃止し、衍聖公��大成至聖先師奉祀官と改めたが、依然として世襲とされている。2009年より孔垂長が在職。 El Duque Yansheng, literalmente "Honorable [señor] Desbordante de Sabiduría", a veces traducido como Santo Duque de Yen, es el título nobiliario chino ostentado hasta la actualidad por los descendientes directos de Confucio (551-479 a. C.).​
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Duke Yansheng Ceremonial Official to Confucius
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n21:Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.jpg?width=300
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Kung Tsui-chang , Kong Xiangkai , Gong Dae-sik
dbp:founder
dbr:Confucius
dbp:monarch
dbr:Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234) Emperors of the Song dynasty dbr:Yuan_dynasty dbr:Qing_dynasty Empire of China dbr:Ming_dynasty Republic of China
dbp:p
Yǎnshèng Gōng
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dbp:s
衍圣公
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Kong or K'ung
dbp:t
衍聖公
dbp:titles
Duke Yansheng, Ceremonial Official to Confucius, Wujing Boshi, Count of Changwon
dbp:w
Yen-sheng Kung
dbo:abstract
The Duke Yansheng, literally "Honorable Overflowing with Wisdom", sometimes translated as Holy Duke of Yen, was a Chinese title of nobility. It was originally created as a marquis title in the Western Han dynasty for a direct descendant of Confucius. From the Western Han dynasty to the mid-Northern Song dynasty, the title underwent several changes in its name, before it was finally settled as "Duke Yansheng" in 1005 by Emperor Renzong of the Northern Song dynasty. Kong Zongyuan, a 46th-generation descendant of Confucius, became the first person to hold the title "Duke Yansheng". The dukes enjoyed privileges that other nobles were denied, such as the right to tax their domain in Qufu while being exempt from imperial taxes. Their dukedom had its own judicial system and the legal capacity to mete out capital punishment, although such sentences had to be ratified by the imperial court. In 1935, the Nationalist government of the Republic of China converted the Duke Yansheng title to a political office, "Dacheng Zhisheng Xianshi Fengsi Guan" (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which simply means "Ceremonial Official to Confucius". This political office is not only hereditary, but also had the same ranking and remuneration as that of a cabinet minister in the government of the Republic of China. In 2008, with permission from the Kong family, the political office became an unpaid one which is purely ceremonial in nature. It is currently held by Kung Tsui-chang, a 79th-generation descendant of Confucius. There are also similar political offices for the descendants of the other notable members of the Confucian school (the Four Sages), such as "Ceremonial Official to Mencius", "Ceremonial Official to Zengzi", and "Ceremonial Official to Yan Hui". In the reformation of the law in 2009, "Ceremonial Official to Mencius" and "Ceremonial Official to Zengzi" would become unpaid honorable titles as well once the incumbent officials decease. The tombs of the Dukes Yansheng of the Ming and Qing dynasties are located at the Cemetery of Confucius in Qufu, Shandong. 衍聖公是一個中國公爵爵位名,為孔子家族嫡系後裔的世襲封號,始于北宋。此前孔子嫡長孫世襲爵位稱為奉祀君、褒成君、褒成侯、褒亭侯、奉聖亭侯、宗聖侯、崇聖侯、恭聖侯、鄒國公、紹聖侯、褒聖侯、文宣公等。1920年出生、民國北洋政府所封的孔德成為末代衍聖公,也是歷來擔任奉祀職務最久者,共計88年(1920-2008年)。若僅以衍聖公之爵位計算,在位最久者則是晚明孔尚賢,共計62年(1559-1621年)。現任大成至聖先師奉祀官是孔子第七十九代嫡长孫孔垂長。 1935年(民國24年),國民政府改“衍聖公”为“大成至聖先師奉祀官”。衍聖公之名號,從創立至廢止,達880年之久(1055-1935年);若包括唐玄宗設立公爵(文宣公)之位,達1116年之久(739-1935年);若從漢高祖十二年(前195年)創設世襲之奉祀君爵位算起,更達2130年(魏安僖王設立的文信君、秦始皇設立的文通君,並非世襲,不計)。 另,四配之一的述聖孔伋(子思)為孔子之直系孫,故亦為衍聖公之直系祖先。因此,歷朝歷代不另立述聖奉祀官,而係以衍聖公之次子擔任,故職務非世襲。若衍聖公為獨子,其祀則兼祧(祧,祭先祖也;即以「一人承兩戶宗祀」,在宗法制度下,一个男子同时继承两家宗祧的习俗。兼祧人不脱离原来家庭的裔系,兼做所继承家庭之嗣子)。 衍聖公(えんせいこう)は、北宋から清にかけての封爵名。孔子の嫡流の子孫が世襲した。 秦の始皇帝は九世の子孫の孔鮒を魯国文通君に封じた。前漢の高祖は孔鮒の弟のを奉祀君に封じた。 その後、儒教が前漢の国学となるとその宣揚のために元帝は十三世の子孫のに関内侯の爵位と褒成君の号を与え、哀帝は十四世の子孫のを殷紹嘉侯に封じた。平帝は1年に十六世の子孫のを褒成侯に封じ、世襲とした。以後、後漢の明帝が十八世の子孫のを褒亭侯に封じたのと安帝が十九世の子孫のを奉聖亭侯に封じたのを除けば、漢を通じて褒成侯の爵位が受け継がれた。 その後、三国時代の魏では宗聖侯、西晋・東晋・南朝宋では奉聖亭侯、北魏では崇聖侯、北斉では恭聖侯と改められた。北周のときに鄒国公に格上げされ、隋では文帝が鄒国公に封じたが、煬帝のときに紹聖侯に改められた。 唐では当初は褒聖侯に封じていたが、開元年間に孔子に文宣王の称号が贈られると、褒聖侯も公爵に格上げされ、文宣公と呼ばれるようになった。北宋の仁宗の至和2年(1055年)に文宣公は衍聖公に改められ、後代に受け継がれた。 清でも、孔子の嫡流を尊び、歴代の当主を衍聖公に封じた。順治帝は、順治2年(1645年)に孔子を「大成至聖文宣先師孔子」とし、康熙帝は大成殿に「万世の師表」と自ら書いた扁額を掲げた。雍正帝は、孔子の先祖五代にそれぞれ肇聖王・裕聖王・貽聖王・昌聖王・啓聖王の王位を追封している。乾隆帝は公主を72代衍聖公孔憲培の妻とするなど、歴代の衍聖公を尊んだ。光緒帝と西太后(慈禧皇太后)も衍聖公を尊び、76代衍聖公(孔令貽)も紫禁城の招かれている。西太后の60歳の祝いには、76代衍聖公はその母と共に北京に入ったが、西太后みずからが謁見をしている。 辛亥革命後に誕生した、孔徳成は優待条件で維持されていた清朝朝廷(宣統帝)より、77代衍聖公に封じられている。 1935年、国民政府は清朝の爵位を廃止し、衍聖公を大成至聖先師奉祀官と改めたが、依然として世襲とされている。2009年より孔垂長が在職。 El Duque Yansheng, literalmente "Honorable [señor] Desbordante de Sabiduría", a veces traducido como Santo Duque de Yen, es el título nobiliario chino ostentado hasta la actualidad por los descendientes directos de Confucio (551-479 a. C.).​ El título fue originalmente creado para Kong Ji, descendiente de decimocuarta generación de Confucio, como un marquesado durante la dinastía Han anterior (206 a. C. - 9 d. C.).​ Desde entonces, el título ha sido ostentado por un miembro de la familia Kong. Debido a la inmensa influencia de Confucio y de su pensamiento en la cultura China, y al énfasis que la filosofía confuciana pone en la piedad filial, el árbol genealógico de la familia Kong está inusualmente bien documentado: el templo ancestral de Confucio se convirtió a la muerte del mismo en un lugar de peregrinación, y sólo sus descendientes podían acometer los sacrificios rituales a su ancestro. Esto convirtió el linaje de la familia Kong y el de los Duques Yanseng en el más antiguo del mundo conocido con certeza.​ 연성공(衍聖公)은 중국의 봉작(封爵)의 이름으로, 공자(孔子)의 적손(嫡孫)이 대대로 세습하였던 작위이다. 공자의 자손에 대한 봉작은 처음 진(秦)의 시황제(始皇帝)가 공자의 9세 손인 공부(孔鮒)를 노국문통군(魯國文通君)에 봉하였고, 한(漢)의 고조(高祖)는 공부의 동생 공등(孔騰)을 봉사군(奉祀君)으로 삼았다. 그 뒤, 유교(儒敎)가 전한의 국학(國學)이 되면서 유교를 널리 장려하고 퍼뜨리고자 원제(元帝)는 공자의 13세 손 공패(孔覇)에게 관내후(關內侯)의 작위와 포성군(褒成君)의 칭호를 주었고, 애제(哀帝)는 14세 손 공길(孔吉)을 은소가후(殷紹嘉侯)에 봉했다. 평제(平帝)는 재위 1년에 16세 손 공균(孔均)을 포성후(褒成侯)에 봉하여 이를 세습하게 하였다. 이후 후한(後漢)의 명제(明帝)가 공자의 18세 손 공손(孔損)을 포정후(褒亭侯)에 봉하고, 안제(安帝)가 19세 손 공요(孔曜)를 봉성정후(奉聖亭侯)로 봉한 것을 제외하면 한대에는 모두 포성후라는 작위가 공자의 후손들에게 이어졌다. 이후 위(魏)에서는 종성후(宗聖侯), 진(晋)・송(宋)에서는 봉성정후, 북위(北魏)에서는 숭성후(崇聖侯), 북제(北齊)에서는 공성후(恭聖侯)로 고쳤다. 북주(北周) 때에 추국공(鄒國公)으로 봉호가 격상되고 수나라의 문제(文帝)까지 이어졌으나 양제(煬帝)가 다시 소성후(紹聖侯)로 고쳐 낮추었다. 당나라 초기에는 포성후(褒聖侯)로 봉하였으나 개원(開元) 연간에 공자가 문선왕(文宣王)에 추증되면서 포성후도 다시 공으로 격상되어 문선공(文宣公)이라 불리게 되었다. 북송(北宋) 인종(仁宗)은 1055년에 문선공을 연성공(衍聖公)으로 고쳐 청나라까지 이어지게 되었다. 1935년에 국민당 정부는 청나라의 작위를 폐지하고 연성공을 대성지성선사봉사관(大成至聖先師奉祀官)으로 고쳐, 현재까지 세습되고 있다.
dbp:cadetBranches
The other main branch was the Southern branch at Quzhou, many other branches are scattered all over China, one branch in Korea.
dbp:creationDate
1935 1055
dbp:estates
Kong Family Mansion, Quzhou Mansion
dbp:familySeat
another abode in Taipusi Street, Beijing dbr:Qufu dbr:Kong_Family_Mansion
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dbr:Kung_Te-cheng dbr:Kong_Zongyuan
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551
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Kong Weining Kung Yu-jen
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Kung Te-cheng
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