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A mathematical model demonstrating the role of interstitial fluid flow on the clearance and accumulation of amyloid \(\beta\) in the brain. (English) Zbl 1432.92029

Summary: A system of partial differential equations is developed to describe the formation and clearance of amyloid \(\beta \) (A \(\beta )\) and the subsequent buildup of A \(\beta\) plaques in the brain, which are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The A \(\beta\) related proteins are divided into five distinct categories depending on their size. In addition to enzymatic degradation, the clearance via diffusion and the outflow of interstitial fluid (ISF) into the surrounding cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) are considered. Treating the brain tissue as a porous medium, a simplified two-dimensional circular geometry is assumed for the transverse section of the brain leading to a nonlinear, coupled system of PDEs. Asymptotic analysis is carried out for the steady states of the spatially homogeneous system in the vanishingly small limit of A \(\beta\) clearance rate. The PDE model is studied numerically for two cases, a spherically symmetric case and a more realistic 2D asymmetric case, allowing for non-uniform boundary conditions. Our investigations demonstrate that ISF advection is a key component in reproducing the clinically observed accumulation of plaques on the outer boundaries. Furthermore, ISF circulation serves to enhance A \(\beta\) clearance over diffusion alone and that non-uniformities in ISF drainage into the CSF can lead to local clustering of plaques. Analysis of the model also demonstrates that plaque formation does not directly correspond to the high presence of toxic oligomers.

MSC:

92C32 Pathology, pathophysiology
92C20 Neural biology
35Q92 PDEs in connection with biology, chemistry and other natural sciences

References:

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