×

Memory, the fork asymmetry, and the initial state. (English) Zbl 1529.83075

Summary: Why do we have records of the past and not the future? Entropic explanations for this ‘record asymmetry’ have been popular ever since Boltzmann. Foremost amongst these is Albert and Loewer’s account, which explains the record asymmetry using a low-entropy initial macrostate (the ‘Past Hypothesis’) plus an initial probability distribution. However, the details of how this initial state underpins the record asymmetry are not fully specified. In this paper I attempt to plug this explanatory gap in two steps. First, I suggest the record asymmetry is more immediately explained by the ‘fork asymmetry’, which their picture omits. Second, by relating the fork asymmetry to an initial state that’s metaphysically similar to theirs, I clarify how this ultimately underpins the record asymmetry.

MSC:

83C99 General relativity

References:

[1] Albert, DZ, Time and chance (2000), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA · Zbl 0983.00016
[2] Albert, DZ, After physics (2016), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
[3] Arntzenius, F., Physics and common causes, Synthese, 82, 1, 77-96 (1990)
[4] Arntzenius, F. (1992). The common cause principle. In PSA: Proceedings of the biennial meeting of the philosophy of science association (Vol. 1992, pp. 227-237). Philosophy of Science Association.
[5] Berkovitz, J.; Frigg, R.; Kronz, F., The ergodic hierarchy, randomness and Hamiltonian chaos, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 37, 4, 661-691 (2006) · Zbl 1223.37010
[6] Brown, HR; Myrvold, WC; Uffink, J., Boltzmann’s H-theorem, its discontents, and the birth of statistical mechanics, Studies In History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 40, 2, 174-191 (2009) · Zbl 1228.82052
[7] Callender, C.; Ernst, G.; Hüttemann, A., The past hypothesis meets gravity, Time, chance, and reduction: Philosophical aspects of statistical mechanics, 34-58 (2010), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
[8] Earman, J., The “Past Hypothesis”: Not even false, Studies In History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 37, 3, 399-430 (2006) · Zbl 1223.82004
[9] Feynman, RP, The character of physical law (1965), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
[10] Frigg, R., Typicality and the approach to equilibrium in Boltzmannian statistical mechanics, Philosophy of Science, 76, 5, 997-1008 (2009)
[11] Frisch, M., Counterfactuals and the past hypothesis, Philosophy of Science, 72, 5, 739-750 (2005)
[12] Frisch, M., Inconsistency, asymmetry, and non-locality: A philosophical investigation of classical electrodynamics (2005), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford
[13] Frisch, M.; Ernst, G.; Hüttemann, A., Does a low-entropy constraint prevent us from influencing the past?, Time, chance, and reduction: Philosophical aspects of statistical mechanics, 13-33 (2010), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
[14] Frisch, M., Causal reasoning in physics (2014), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
[15] Goldstein, S.; Ben-Menahem, Y.; Hemmo, M., Typicality and notions of probability in physics, Probability in physics, the frontiers collection, 59-71 (2012), Berlin: Springer, Berlin
[16] Grünbaum, A., Philosophical problems of space and time (1963), New York: Alfred A Knopf, New York
[17] Hartle, J., The physics of ‘now’, American Journal of Physics, 73, 2, 101-109 (2004)
[18] Hawking, S., The arrow of time in cosmology, Physical Review D, 32, 10, 2489-2495 (1985)
[19] Hawking, S.; Halliwell, JJ; Pérez-Mercader, J.; Zurek, W., The no boundary condition and the arrow of time, Physical origins of time asymmetry, 346-357 (1994), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
[20] Hemmo, M.; Shenker, OR, The road to Maxwell’s demon: Conceptual foundations of statistical mechanics (2012), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge · Zbl 1255.82001
[21] Hemmo, M.; Shenker, OR, The emergence of macroscopic regularity, Mind & Society Society, 14, 2, 221-244 (2015)
[22] Hemmo, M.; Shenker, OR, Probability and typicality in deterministic physics, Erkenntnis, 80, 3, 575-586 (2015) · Zbl 1354.82003
[23] Hemmo, M.; Shenker, OR, Maxwell’s demon. Oxford handbooks online (2016), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.63
[24] Hemmo, M.; Shenker, OR; Allori, V., Can the past hypothesis explain the psychological arrow of time?, Statistical mechanics and scientific explanation: Determinism, indeterminism and laws of nature, 255-287 (2020), Singapore: World Scientific, Singapore
[25] Hitchcock, C.; Beebee, H.; Hitchcock, C.; Menzies, P., Causal modelling, The Oxford handbook of causation, 299-314 (2009), New York: Oxford University Press, New York
[26] Horwich, P., Asymmetries in time: Problems in the philosophy of science (1988), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
[27] Lebowitz, JL, Boltzmann’s entropy and time’s arrow, Physics Today, 46, 32-38 (1993)
[28] Lewis, DK, Counterfactual dependence and time’s arrow, Noûs, 13, 455-467 (1979)
[29] Loewer, B.; Price, H.; Corry, R., Counterfactuals and the second law, Causation, physics, and the constitution of reality: Russell’s republic revisited, 293-326 (2007), New York: Oxford University Press, New York
[30] Loewer, B., The emergence of time’s arrows and special science laws from physics, Interface Focus, 2, 1, 13-19 (2011)
[31] Loewer, B., Two accounts of laws and time, Philosophical Studies, 160, 1, 115-137 (2012)
[32] Mlodinow, L.; Brun, TA, On the relation between the epistemic and the thermodynamic arrow of time, Physical Review E, 89, 5, 052102 (2014)
[33] Myrvold, W. C. (2011). Probabilities in statistical mechanics: Subjective, objective, or a bit of both? Preprint available at. http://philsci-archive-dev.library.pitt.edu/8642/
[34] Papineau, D., Causal asymmetry, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 36, 3, 273-289 (1985)
[35] Papineau, D. (1992). Can we reduce causal direction to probabilities? In PSA: Proceedings of the biennial meeting of the philosophy of science association (Vol. 1992, pp. 238-252). Philosophy of Science Association.
[36] Parker, D., Thermodynamic irreversibility: Does the big bang explain what it purports to explain?, Philosophy of Science, 72, 5, 751-776 (2005)
[37] Pearl, J., Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference (2009), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge · Zbl 1188.68291
[38] Penrose, R., The emperor’s new mind: Concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics (1990), London: Vintage, London · Zbl 0795.00009
[39] Reichenbach, H., The direction of time (1956), Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, Los Angeles, CA
[40] Schulman, LS, A computer’s arrow of time, Entropy, 7, 4, 221-233 (2005) · Zbl 1135.82314
[41] Smart, JJC; Edwards, P., Time, Encyclopedia of philosophy, 126-132 (1967), New York: Macmillan, New York
[42] Smith, R., Do brains have an arrow of time?, Philosophy of Science, 81, 2, 265-275 (2014)
[43] Strevens, M.; Pence, CH; Ramsey, C., The reference class problem in evolutionary biology: Distinguishing selection from drift, Chance in evolution, 145-175 (2016), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chicago
[44] Uffink, J.; Butterfield, J.; Earman, J., Compendium of the foundations of classical statistical physics, Handbook for Philosophy of Physics, 923-1047 (2007), Amsterdam: Elsevier, Amsterdam
[45] von Plato, J., The method of arbitrary functions, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 34, 1, 37-47 (1983) · Zbl 0512.60002
[46] Wallace, D., The emergent multiverse: Quantum theory according to the Everett interpretation (2012), New York: Oxford University Press, New York · Zbl 1272.81003
[47] Winsberg, E., Can conditionalising on the “past hypothesis” mitigate against the reversibility objections?, Philosophy of Science, 71, 4, 489-504 (2004)
[48] Wolpert, DH, Memory systems, computation, and the second law of thermodynamics, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 31, 4, 743-785 (1992) · Zbl 0791.68060
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. In some cases that data have been complemented/enhanced by data from zbMATH Open. This attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming completeness or a perfect matching.