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Matrix operators and the Klein four group. (English) Zbl 1429.15016

Summary: In this note we show that the set of operators, \(S=\{I, T, P, T\circ P\}\) that consists of the identity \(I\), the usual transpose \(T\), the per-transpose \(P\) and their product \(T\circ P\), forms a Klein Four-Group with the composition. With the introduced framework, we study in detail the properties of bisymmetric, centrosymmetric matrices and other algebraic structures, and we provide new definitions and results concerning these structures. In particular, we show that the per-tansposition allows to define a degenerate inner product of vectors, a cross product and a dyadic product of vectors with some interesting properties. In the last part of the work, we provide another realization of the Klein Group involving the tensorial product of some \(2 \times 2\) matrices.

MSC:

15A30 Algebraic systems of matrices
15A03 Vector spaces, linear dependence, rank, lineability
20H15 Other geometric groups, including crystallographic groups

References:

[1] Cayley, A. “On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equationθn=1”, Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 7 (1854), pp. 40-47
[2] Cayley, A. “On the Theory of Groups”, American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Jan 1889), pp. 139-157. · JFM 20.0140.01
[3] Cayley, A. “A Memoir on the Theory of Matrices” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 148 (1858), pp. 17-37
[4] Horn, Roger A.; Johnson, Charles R. (2012), Matrix Analysis (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 33, ISBN 9781139788885. · Zbl 0704.15002
[5] Golub, Gene H.; Van Loan, Charles F. (1996), Matrix Computations (3rd ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, ISBN 978-0-8018-5414-9. See page 193. · Zbl 0865.65009
[6] Muir, Thomas (1960), Treatise on the Theory of Determinants, Dover Press.
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