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The perimeter generating functions of three-choice, imperfect, and one-punctured staircase polygons. (English) Zbl 1365.05014

Summary: We consider the isotropic perimeter generating functions of three-choice, imperfect, and one-punctured staircase polygons, whose 8th order linear Fuchsian ODEs are previously known. We derive simple relationships between the three generating functions, and show that all three generating functions are joint solutions of a common 12th order Fuchsian linear ODE. We find that the 8th order differential operators can each be rewritten as a direct sum of a direct product, with operators no larger than 3rd order. We give closed-form expressions for all the solutions of these operators in terms of \(_{2}F_{1}\) hypergeometric functions with rational and algebraic arguments. The solutions of these linear differential operators can in fact be expressed in terms of two modular forms, since these \(_{2}F_{1}\) hypergeometric functions can be expressed with two, rational or algebraic, pullbacks.

MSC:

05A15 Exact enumeration problems, generating functions
33C20 Generalized hypergeometric series, \({}_pF_q\)
34M03 Linear ordinary differential equations and systems in the complex domain
34M55 Painlevé and other special ordinary differential equations in the complex domain; classification, hierarchies