×

Controllability on real reductive Lie groups. (English) Zbl 0803.22005

Let \(G=NAK\) be an Iwasawa decomposition of a reductive Lie group with Lie algebra \({\mathfrak g}=\mathfrak n+a+k\) and let \(C\subseteq{\mathfrak g}\) denote a closed convex pointed cone with inner points which is invariant under the compact linear group \(\text{Ad }K\). We let \(S\) denote the closed semigroup generated in \(G\) by \(\exp C\). In general in Lie semigroup theory we say that a cone \(C\) is global in \(G\) if \(\{X\in{\mathfrak g}:\exp\mathbb{R}^ +\cdot X\subseteq S\}=C\). For a given \(C\) it is usually a delicate question to decide whether or not it is global. If \(S=G\), then \(C\) is called controllable in \(G\), whence the title. In this elegant note, the author makes the interesting discovery that globality of \(C\) can be decided by considering the Lie group \(G_ a=NA\times K\) whose Lie algebra \({\mathfrak g}_ a=\mathfrak(n+a)\oplus k\) is linearly isomorphic to \({\mathfrak g}\) in the obvious way and therefore contains a copy \(C_ a\) of \(C\). Then \(C\) is global in \(G\) iff \(C_ a\) is global in \(G_ a\). The advantage of \(G_ a\) is that the maximal subsemigroups of \(G_ a\) are known once one knows the hyperplane subalgebra of \(\mathfrak (n+a)\oplus k\). Their intersection is \(\mathfrak[n,n]\oplus[k,k]\). All of this information results in the following theorem: Assume \(G\) simply connected. If \((\text{int }C)\cap({\mathfrak n}+[\mathfrak k,k])\neq\emptyset\) then \(S=G\), i.e., \(C\) is controllable in \(G\). If \(C\cap(\mathfrak n+[k,k])=\{0\}\) then \(C\) is global in \(G\). If \(\emptyset\neq(C\cap({\mathfrak n}+[{\mathfrak k,k}]))\setminus\{0\}\subseteq\partial C\) then \(S\neq G\).

MSC:

22E15 General properties and structure of real Lie groups
93B05 Controllability
22A15 Structure of topological semigroups

References:

[1] [Gö49] Gödel, K.: An example of a new type of cosmological-solutions of Einstein’s field equations of gravitation Rev. Mod. Phys.21, 447–450 (1949) · Zbl 0041.56701 · doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.447
[2] [HH90] Hilgert, J., Hofmann, K. H.: On the causal structure of homogeneous manifolds. Math. Scand.67, 119–144 (1990) · Zbl 0739.53041
[3] [HHL89] Hilgert J., Hofmann, K.H., Lawson, J.D.: Lie Groups, convex cones, and semigroups. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989 · Zbl 0701.22001
[4] [Hof90] Hofmann, K.H.: Hyperplane subalgebras of real Lie algebras. Geom. Dedicata36, 207–224 (1990) · Zbl 0718.17006 · doi:10.1007/BF00150789
[5] [JK81] Jurdjevic, V., Kupka, I.: Control systems on semisimple Lie groups and their homogeneous spaces. Ann. Inst. Fourier31, 151–179 (1981) · Zbl 0453.93011
[6] [JS72] Jurdjevic, V., Sussmann, H.: Control systems on Lie groups. J. Differ. Equations12, 313–329 (1972) · Zbl 0237.93027 · doi:10.1016/0022-0396(72)90035-6
[7] [Ne90a] Neeb, K.H.: The duality between subsemigroups of Lie groups and monotone functions. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. (to appear)
[8] [Ne90b] Neeb, K.H.: Globality in semisimple Lie groups. Ann. Inst. Fourier40, 493–536 (1990) · Zbl 0703.17003
[9] [Ne90c] Neeb, K.H.: Invariant orders on Lie groups and coverings of ordered homogeneous spaces. (Preprint 1990)
[10] [O182] Olshanskii, G.I.: Invariant orderings in simple Lie groups. The solution to E.B. Vinberg’s problem. Funct. Anal. Appl.16, 311–313 (1982) · Zbl 0576.32040 · doi:10.1007/BF01077863
[11] [Vi80] Vinberg, E.B.: Invariant cones and orderings in Lie groups. Funct. Anal. Appl.14, 1–13 (1980) · Zbl 0452.22014
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. In some cases that data have been complemented/enhanced by data from zbMATH Open. This attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming completeness or a perfect matching.