The starting point of the present book is the following: In systems analysis, the choice of some “best solution” requires the knowledge of roles which allow one to measure the quality of possible alternatives. In the simplest case one can use a scalar criterion function which has to be minimized or maximized on the set of alternatives. However, many practical problems lead to models of multiple criteria decision making: multiobjective optimization or control problems, models with random sets of alternatives, and models with some structure of the set of variants. The authors present a unified approach to such models: the common idea consists in studying properties of those elements which are maximal with respect to a partial order in the feasible set of alternatives. In Chapter 1 the subjects of the book are introduced and motivated. Chapters 2 and 3 deal with theoretical questions and methods of multiobjective optimization problems in the classical way. Chapter 4 gives optimality conditions in dynamic multiobjective programming. In Chapter 5 the authors discuss conditions for the stability of Pareto-optimal solutions of parameterized vector optimization problems. Chapters 6 and 7 are devoted to the classification of Pareto sets by stochastic characteristics. Finally, in Chapters 8 and 9 the authors use the method of morphological analysis to treat the problem of formation of alternatives (with required structural properties). The book is of interest for specialists in the fields of systems analysis and operations research, in particular, for readers who are interested in applications of optimization methods and theory.