Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-us[1]
- Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.
Inflection
[edit]Older proterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *(é)-us | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | |
| genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(é)-us | *(é)-uh₁(e) | *(é)-ewes |
| vocative | *(é)-u | *(é)-uh₁(e) | *(é)-ewes |
| accusative | *(é)-um | *(é)-uh₁(e) | *(é)-ums |
| genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwoHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos |
| dative | *(Ø)-éwey | *? | *(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos |
| locative | *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi | *? | *(Ø)-úsu |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-úh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-úmis, *(Ø)-úbʰis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂es |
| vocative | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂es |
| accusative | *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos |
| dative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos |
| locative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂, *(Ø)-uyéh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-uyéh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mis, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(é)-u | *(é)-wih₁ | *(é)-uh₂ |
| vocative | *(é)-u | *(é)-wih₁ | *(é)-uh₂ |
| accusative | *(é)-u | *(é)-wih₁ | *(é)-uh₂ |
| genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwoHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos |
| dative | *(Ø)-éwey | *? | *(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos |
| locative | *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi | *? | *(Ø)-úsu |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-úh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-úmis, *(Ø)-úbʰis |
Later hysterokinetic pattern:[2]
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *(Ø)-ús | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | |
| genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(Ø)-ús | *(Ø)-úh₁(e) | *(Ø)-úes |
| vocative | *(Ø)-ú | *(Ø)-úh₁(e) | *(Ø)-úes |
| accusative | *(Ø)-úm | *(Ø)-úh₁(e) | *(Ø)-úms |
| genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwoHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos |
| dative | *(Ø)-éwey | *? | *(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos |
| locative | *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi | *? | *(Ø)-éwsu |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-éwh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-éwmis, *(Ø)-éwbʰis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂es |
| vocative | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂es |
| accusative | *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos |
| dative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos |
| locative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂, *(Ø)-uyéh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-uyéh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mis, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(Ø)-ú | *(Ø)-úyh₁ | *(Ø)-úh₂ |
| vocative | *(Ø)-ú | *(Ø)-úyh₁ | *(Ø)-úh₂ |
| accusative | *(Ø)-ú | *(Ø)-úyh₁ | *(Ø)-úh₂ |
| genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwoHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos |
| dative | *(Ø)-éwey | *? | *(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos |
| locative | *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi | *? | *(Ø)-éwsu |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-éwh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-éwmis, *(Ø)-éwbʰis |
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 27