Jump to content

Jiufotang Formation

Coordinates: 41°12′N 119°24′E / 41.2°N 119.4°E / 41.2; 119.4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jiufotang Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aptian
~122–118.9 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofJehol Group
Sub-unitsShangheshou & Meileyingzi Beds
UnderliesFuxin & Shahai Formations
OverliesYixian Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates41°12′N 119°24′E / 41.2°N 119.4°E / 41.2; 119.4
Approximate paleocoordinates44°24′N 119°30′E / 44.4°N 119.5°E / 44.4; 119.5
RegionLiaoning
Country China
Type section
Named forJiufotang, Pingfangzi, Liaoning
Named byRyuji Endo
Year defined1934[1]
Jiufotang Formation is located in China
Jiufotang Formation
Jiufotang Formation (China)
Jiufotang Formation is located in Liaoning
Jiufotang Formation
Jiufotang Formation (Liaoning)

The Jiufotang Formation (Chinese: 九佛堂组; pinyin: jiǔfótáng zǔ) is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang, Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms (see Jehol Biota). It is a member of the Jehol group. The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with estimates ranging from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. New uranium-lead dates reveal the formation is deposited in the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous.[2] Fossils of Microraptor and Jeholornis are from the Jiufotang.[3]

Fossil content

[edit]

Choristoderans

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Abundance Notes
Philydrosaurus P. proseilus Monjurosuchid
Ikechosaurus I. pijiagouensis Simoedosaurid
Liaoxisaurus L. chaoyangensis Simoedosaurid
Hyphalosaurus H. baitaigouensis[4] Hyphalosaurid

Fish

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Notes Images
Caeruleum C. miraculum[5] Weichang A lamprey
C. gracilis[6] Weichang A lamprey
Jinanichthys J. longicephalus An osteoglossomorph
Lycoptera L. davidi An osteoglossomorph
Peipiaosteus P. pani A fish related to sturgeons
Protopsephurus P. liui A paddlefish
Sinamia S. zdanskyi An amiiform

Mammaliamorphs

[edit]

Several mammaliamorph specimens have been found from the Jiufotang, but only a few have been formally described and named.

Genus Species County Member Material Notes
Cokotherium C. jiufotangensis[7] Partial skeleton A eutherian
Fossiomanus F. sinensis[8] A nearly complete skeleton A tritylodontid cynodont, likely the youngest known non-mammalian synapsid
Liaoconodon L. hui[9] A nearly complete skeleton A eutriconodont
Unnamed mammal Unnamed Partial remains including a foot and fragments of the skull A mammal similar to Eomaia and Sinodelphys from the Yixian Formation. Found as stomach contents of Microraptor zhaoianus.

Ornithischians

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Chuanqilong[10]

C. chaoyangensis[10]

Liaoning A nearly complete skeleton missing only the distal portion of the caudal series.

A basal ankylosaurid, sister taxon to Liaoningosaurus.[10]

Liaoningosaurus[11] L. paradoxus[11]
Liaoningosaurus paradoxus

Psittacosaurus

Psittacosaurus meileyingensis

Meileyingzi Bed

"[Four] individuals, [two] complete skulls."[12]

A ceratopsian.

Psittacosaurus meileyingensis
Psittacosaurus mongoliensis

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis

Shangheshou and Meileyingzi Beds

Pterosaurs

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Chaoyangopterus

C. zhangi

A chaoyangopterid[13]
Liaoningopterus
Nemicolopterus
Nurhachius
Sinopterus and Huaxiadraco

Eoazhdarcho

E. liaoxiensis

A chaoyangopterid[13]

Feilongus

F. youngi

Jianshangou Bed

A boreopterid
Forfexopterus F. jeholensis A ctenochasmatid

Gladocephaloideus

G. jingangshanensis

Jingangshan Bed

A ctenochasmatid
Guidraco

G. venator

A pteranodontoid[14]

Hongshanopterus H. lacustris An istiodactylid
Huaxiadraco H. corollatus Multiple specimens A tapejarid[15]

"Huaxiapterus"

"H." benxiensis

A tapejarid; synonymized with Huaxiadraco in 2023

Ikrandraco

I. avatar

A pteranodontoid[14]

Jidapterus

J. edentus

A chaoyangopterid[13]

Liaoningopterus

L. gui

A pteranodontoid[14]

Liaoxipterus

L. brachyognathus

An istiodactylid[13]

Linlongopterus

L. jennyae

A pteranodontoid[14]

Meilifeilong M. youhao Jianchang A nearly complete skeleton and a partial skull A chaoyangopterid[16]

Nemicolopterus

N. crypticus

A tapejaromorph; previously and still occasionally thought to be a tapejarid. Most likely a juvenile, hence small size.

Nurhachius

N. ignaciobritoi

An istiodactylid[13]
Pangupterus P. liui A pterodactyloid

Shenzhoupterus

S. chaoyangensis

A chaoyangopterid

S. sanyainus A chaoyangopterid[17]

Sinopterus

S. dongi

A tapejarid[13]

S. jii

Previously known as Huxiapterus jii

Vesperopterylus

V. lamadongensis

An anurognathid

Saurischians

[edit]

A large titanosaur is present in the formation.[18]

Enantiornithines

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Alethoalaornis

A. agitornis[19]

An enantiornithean

Longipteryx
Rapaxavis
Sinornis
Yuanchuavis

Boluochia

B. zhengi

"Partial skull [and] partial postcranium."[20]

A longipterygid

Brevirostruavis B. macrohyoideus "an extremely elongate bony hyoid element (only slightly shorter than the skull), combined with a short cranial rostrum."[21] An enantiornithine

Cathayornis

C. aberransis

An enantiornithine

C. caudatus

Nomen dubium[22]

C. yandica

"Partial skeleton."[20]

An enantiornithean

Cuspirostrisornis

C. houi

A possible avisaurid

Dapingfangornis

D. sentisorhinus

An enantiornithean

Eocathayornis

E. walkeri

"Partial skeleton."[20]

An enantiornithean

Gracilornis

G. jiufotangensis

An enantiornithean

Imparavis[23] I. attenboroughi Jianchang An articulated, nearly complete specimen

Huoshanornis

H. huji

An enantiornithean

Largirostrornis

L. sexdentoris

An enantiornithean

Longchengornis

L. sanyanensis

An enantiornithean

Longipteryx

L. chaoyangensis

A longipterygid

Musivavis M. amabilis "A nearly complete and articulated skeleton preserved in a single slab."[24] An euenantiornithean

Rapaxavis

R. pani

A longipterygid

Shangyang

S. graciles

An enantiornithean

Sinornis

S. santensis

"Partial skull [and] many nearly complete postcranial skeletons."[25]

An enantiornithean

Xiangornis

X. shenmi

An enantiornithean

Yuanchuavis

Y. kompsosoura

An pengornithid

Euornithines

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Aberratiodontus

A. wui

Junior synonym of Yanornis martini[26]

Gansus zheni
Shuilingornis angelai
Yanornis martini
Yixianornis grabaui

Chaoyangia

C. beishanensis

"Partial skeleton."[25]

A basal euornithean

Gansus[27]

G. zheni

Multiple complete, articulated skeletons

A basal euornithean

Jianchangornis

J. microdonta

Jianchang

A basal euornithean

Mengciusornis

M. dentatus

A schizoourid

Parahongshanornis[28]

P. chaoyangensis

A hongshanornithid

Piscivoravis

P. lii

An ornithuromorph

Schizooura

S. lii

Jianchang

A schizoourid with long, forked tail feathers

Similiyanornis

S. brevipectus

An ornithuromorph

Shuilingornis[29]

S. angelai

A gansuid

Songlingornis

S. linghensis

An ornithuromorph

Yanornis

Y. martini

An ornithuromorph

Yixianornis

Y. grabaui

An ornithuromorph

Zhongjianornis

Z. yangi

A basal euornithean[30]

Non-ornithothoracean theropods

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Chongmingia[31] C. zhengi A partial skeleton with preserved soft tissues A jinguofortisid avialan
Confuciusornis sanctus
Jeholornis prima
Microraptor gui
Sinotyrannus kazuoensis
Wulong bohaiensis

Confuciusornis

C. sanctus

A primitive short-tailed avialan (pygostylian). Also present in the Yixian Formation

C. jianchangensis

Liaoning

Cratonavis[32] C. zhui Jianchang A complete skeleton with preserved feathers A jinguofortisid avialan

Dalianraptor

D. cuhe

Nomen dubium, named from a forged artificially assembled specimen.

Jeholornis[3]

J. prima[3]

A jeholornithiform avialan, also present in the Yixian Formation[33]

J. palmapenis[34]

A jeholornithiform avialan

Kompsornis

K. longicaudatus

"Nearly complete specimen".[35]

A jeholornithiform avialan

Microraptor

M. gui

Shangheshou Bed

Extremely common[18]

Could be synonym of Microraptor zhaoianus

M. zhaoianus

Shangheshou Bed[18]

"At least [three] partial semiarticulated postcrania and several skulls."[36] Feathered integument is also preserved.[36]

A dromaeosaurid.

Neimengornis

N. rectusmim

A jeholornithiform avialan

Omnivoropteryx

O. sinousaorum

An omnivoropterygiform avialan

Sapeornis

S. angustis

"Nearly complete skeleton without skull."[37]

An omnivoropterygiform, a primitive short-tailed avialan

S. chaoyangensis

Shenshiornis

Shenshiornis primita[38]

An omnivoropterygiform avialan

Similicaudipteryx

S. yixianensis

An oviraptorosaur

Sinotyrannus[39]

S. kazuoensis[39]

A tyrannosauroid[39]

Wulong[40] W. bohaiensis[40] Chaoyang, Liaoning[40] Complete articulated skeleton (D2933).[40] A dromaeosaurid

Crustaceans

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Eosestheria Eosestheria middendorfii[41] A clam shrimp

Plants

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Czekanowskia Czekanowskia rigida[42] A member of Czekanowskiales, Dominant
Ginkgo Ginkgo digitata[42] A member of Ginkgoales
Elatocladus Elatocladus pinnatus[42] Conifer foliage
Pityolepis Pityolepis ovatus[42] Conifer cone
Leptostrobus Leptostrobus sinensis[42] A member of Czekanowksiales, occasionally misspelled "Leptosthrobus"
Baiera Baiera valida[42] A member of Ginkgoales
Baiera cf. gracilis[42]
Ginkgoites Ginkgoites trancata[42] A member of Ginkgoales, dominant
Gingkgoites trancatus[42]
Podozamites Podozamites sp.[41] Conifer foliage
Sphenopteris Sphenopteris sp.[41] Seed plant foliage


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Endo, R. (1934). Geology and mineral resources of Manchuria 滿洲の地質及鑛産 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Sanseido.
  2. ^ Yu, Zhiqiang; Wang, Min; Li, Youjuan; Deng, Chenglong; He, Huaiyu (2021-12-01). "New geochronological constraints for the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Jianchang Basin, NE China, and their implications for the late Jehol Biota". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 583: 110657. Bibcode:2021PPP...58310657Y. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110657. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 239406222.
  3. ^ a b c He, H.Y.; Wang, X.L.; Zhou, Z.H.; Wang, F.; Boven, A.; Shi, G.H.; Zhu, R.X. (2004). "Timing of the Jiufotang Formation (Jehol Group) in Liaoning, northeastern China, and its implications". Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (13): 1709. Bibcode:2004GeoRL..3112605H. doi:10.1029/2004GL019790.
  4. ^ Zhang, L.-J.; Ji, S.-A.; Zhang, H.-C. (2024). "Discovery of the choristodere Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China and its paleobiogeographic significance". Journal of Palaeogeography. 13 (3): 547–562. doi:10.1016/j.jop.2024.05.003.
  5. ^ Huang, Weijia (2023-09-01). "A new species of fossil lamprey (Petromyzontida: Petromyzontiformes) from Hebei, China". Historical Biology: 1–13. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2252443. ISSN 0891-2963.
  6. ^ Huang, Weijia; Ma, Zhiheng; Fu, Lihong; Guo, Shilong (2024-01-14). "A new species of lamprey from Cretaceous semisaline environment in China". Historical Biology: 1–7. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2303350. ISSN 0891-2963.
  7. ^ Wang, Hai-Bing; Hoffmann, Simone; Wang, Dian-Can; Wang, Yuan-Qing (7 February 2022). "A new mammal from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for eutherian evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 377 (1847). doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0042. PMC 8819371. PMID 35125007.
  8. ^ Mao, F.; Zhang, C.; Liu, C.; Meng, J. (2021). "Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs". Nature. 592 (7855): 577–582. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..577M. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2. PMID 33828300. S2CID 233183060.
  9. ^ Meng, J.; Wang, Y.; Li, C. (2011). "Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont". Nature. 472 (7342): 181–185. Bibcode:2011Natur.472..181M. doi:10.1038/nature09921. PMID 21490668. S2CID 4428972.
  10. ^ a b c Han, F.; Zheng, W.; Hu, D.; Xu, X.; Barrett, P.M. (2014). "A New Basal Ankylosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, China". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104551. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4551H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104551. PMC 4131922. PMID 25118986.
  11. ^ a b 周, 长付; 刘, 晴; 王, 鑫悦; 张, 洪钢 (2022). "辽西建昌早白垩世九佛堂组甲龙类化石的首次发现". 山东科技大学学报(自然科学版). 41 (3): 1–7. doi:10.16452/j.cnki.sdkjzk.2022.03.001. ISSN 1672-3767.
  12. ^ "Table 22.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 479.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Wang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2006). "Pterosaur assemblages of the Jehol Biota and their implication for the Early Cretaceous pterosaur radiation". Geological Journal. 41 (3–4): 405–418. Bibcode:2006GeolJ..41..405X. doi:10.1002/gj.1046. S2CID 131602205.
  14. ^ a b c d Rodrigues, Taissa; Jiang, Shunxing; Cheng, Xin; Wang, Xiaolin; Kellner, Alexander W.A. (2015). "A new toothed pteranodontoid (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Jiufotang Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of China and comments on Liaoningopterus gui Wang and Zhou, 2003". Historical Biology. 27 (6): 782–795. Bibcode:2015HBio...27..782R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1033417. S2CID 129062416.
  15. ^ Pêgas, R. V.; Zhoi, X.; Jin, X.; Wang, K.; Ma, W. (2023). "A taxonomic revision of the Sinopterus complex (Pterosauria, Tapejaridae) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota, with the new genus Huaxiadraco". PeerJ. 11. e14829. doi:10.7717/peerj.14829. PMC 9922500. PMID 36788812.
  16. ^ Wang, Xiaolin; Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Jiang, Shunxing; Chen, He; Costa, Fabiana R.; Cheng, Xin; Zhang, Xinjun; Nova, Bruno C. Vila; de Almeida Campos, Diogenes; Sayão, Juliana M.; Rodrigues, Taissa; Bantim, Renan A. M.; Saraiva, Antônio A. F.; Zhou, Zhonghe (2023-12-21). "A new toothless pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota with comments on the Chaoyangopteridae". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 22642. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1322642W. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48076-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10739979. PMID 38129429.
  17. ^ 姬书安, 张立军; JI Shu'an, ZHANG Lijun (2023-05-22). "A new species of chaoyangopterid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous in western Liaoning, People's Republic of China". doi:10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2023322. ISSN 1000-9515. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ a b c Xu, X.; Norell, M.A. (2006). "Non-Avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China". Geological Journal. 41 (3–4): 419–437. Bibcode:2006GeolJ..41..419X. doi:10.1002/gj.1044. S2CID 32369205.
  19. ^ Li, L., Hu, D.-Y., Duan, Y., Gong, E.-P. and Hou, L.-H. (2007). "Alethoalaornithidae fam. nov., a new family of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning." Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 46(3): 365-372. (http://www.cqvip.com/qk/90074X/200703/25642898.html) [in Chinese]
  20. ^ a b c "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 212.
  21. ^ Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Clarke, Julia (2021). "Novel evolution of a hyper-elongated tongue in a Cretaceous enantiornithine from China and the evolution of the hyolingual apparatus and feeding in birds". Journal of Anatomy. 240 (4): 627–638. doi:10.1111/joa.13588. ISSN 1469-7580. PMC 8930807. PMID 34854094. S2CID 244860443.
  22. ^ O'Connor, J.; Dyke, G. (2010). "A reassessment of Sinornis santensis and Cathayornis yandica (Aves: Enantiornithes)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62: 7–20. doi:10.3853/J.0067-1975.62.2010.1540.
  23. ^ Wang, Xiaoli; Clark, Alexander D.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Zhang, Xiangyu; Wang, Xing; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhou, Zhonghe (2024-02-27). "First Edentulous Enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Avifauna". Cretaceous Research. 159 (in press): 105867. Bibcode:2024CrRes.15905867W. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105867. ISSN 0195-6671.
  24. ^ Wang, Xuri; Cau, Andrea; Luo, Xiaoling; Kundrát, Martin; Wu, Wensheng; Ju, Shubin; Guo, Zhen; Liu, Yichuan; Ji, Qiang (2022-02-11). "A new bohaiornithid-like bird from the Lower Cretaceous of China fills a gap in enantiornithine disparity". Journal of Paleontology. 96 (4): 961–976. Bibcode:2022JPal...96..961W. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.12. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 247432530.
  25. ^ a b "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 214.
  26. ^ Cau, A.; Arduini, P. (2008). "Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships". Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano. 149: 293–324.
  27. ^ Liu, Di; Chiappe, Luis M.; Zhang, Yuguang; Bell, Alyssa; Meng, Qingjin; Ji, Qiang; Wang, Xuri (2014-11-14). "An advanced, new long-legged bird from the Early Cretaceous of the Jehol Group (northeastern China): insights into the temporal divergence of modern birds". Zootaxa. 3884 (3): 253–266. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3884.3.4. ISSN 1175-5334.
  28. ^ Li, Li; Jing-Qi Wang; Shi-Lin Hou (2011). "A new ornithurine bird (Hongshanornithidae) from the Jiufotang Formation of Chaoyang, Liaoning, China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 49 (2): 195–200.
  29. ^ Wang, Xuri; Cau, Andrea; Wang, Yinuo; Kundrát, Martin; Zhang, Guili; Liu, Yichuan; Chiappe, Luis M. (2024-09-24). "A new gansuid bird (Avialae, Euornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Jiufotang Formation of Jianchang, western Liaoning, China". Cretaceous Research (in press): 106014. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106014. ISSN 0195-6671.
  30. ^ O'Connor, J. K.; Zhou, Z. (2013). "A redescription of Chaoyangia beishanensis (Aves) and a comprehensive phylogeny of Mesozoic birds". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (7): 889–906. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11..889O. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.690455. S2CID 84386177.
  31. ^ Min Wang; Xiaoli Wang; Yan Wang; Zhonghe Zhou (2016). "A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds". Scientific Reports. 6: Article number 19700. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619700W. doi:10.1038/srep19700. PMC 4726217. PMID 26806355.
  32. ^ Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhou, Zhonghe (2023-01-02). "Decoupling the skull and skeleton in a Cretaceous bird with unique appendicular morphologies". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 7 (1): 20–31. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7...20L. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01921-w. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36593291. S2CID 255472056.
  33. ^ Li, D.; Sulliven, C.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, Z. (2010). "Basal birds from China: a brief review". Chinese Birds. 1 (2): 83–96. Bibcode:2010AvRes...1...83L. doi:10.5122/cbirds.2010.0002. S2CID 84976296.
  34. ^ O'Connor, J.K.; Sun, C.; Xu, X.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2012). "A new species of Jeholornis with complete caudal integument". Historical Biology. 24 (1): 29–41. Bibcode:2012HBio...24...29O. doi:10.1080/08912963.2011.552720. S2CID 53359901.
  35. ^ Xuri Wang; Jiandong Huang; Martin Kundrát; Andrea Cau; Xiaoyu Liu; Yang Wang; Shubin Ju (2020). "A new jeholornithiform exhibits the earliest appearance of the fused sternum and pelvis in the evolution of avialan dinosaurs". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 199: Article 104401. Bibcode:2020JAESc.19904401W. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104401. S2CID 219511931.
  36. ^ a b "Table 10.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 198.
  37. ^ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 216.
  38. ^ Hu, D.; Li, L.; Hou, L.; Xu, X. (2010). "A new sapeornithid bird from China and its implication for early avian evolution". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 84 (3): 472–482. Bibcode:2010AcGlS..84..472H. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00188.x. S2CID 86441777.
  39. ^ a b c Ji, Q.; Ji, S.-A.; Zhang, L.-J. (2009). "First large tyrannosauroid theropod from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota in northeastern China". Geological Bulletin of China. 28 (10): 1369–1374.
  40. ^ a b c d Poust, Ashley W.; Gao, Chunling; Varricchio, David J.; Wu, Jianlin; Zhang, Fengjiao (2020-01-15). "A new microraptorine theropod from the Jehol Biota and growth in early dromaeosaurids". The Anatomical Record. 303 (4): 963–987. doi:10.1002/ar.24343. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 31943887.
  41. ^ a b c Shao, J. D., Tan, Q., Wang, H., Zhang, M., & He, H. Y. (2011). The Mesozoic strata and the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the Daxinganling Region. Geology and Resources, 20(1), 4-11.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pan, Y. Q., Gao, F. L., Zhang, G. R., Wang, X., & Wu, Z. J. (2015). New discovery of phytolith from Jiufotang formation in Xiaotaizi area, Liaoning Province. Geol Resources, 24, 87-92.

Further reading

[edit]