Ascobulla

Ascobulla
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Heterobranchia; clade Euthyneura; clade Panpulmonata; clade Sacoglossa; clade Oxynoacea
Superfamily:	Oxynooidea
Family:	Volvatellidae
Genus:	Ascobulla; Ev. Marcus, 1972
Type species
	Cylindrobulla ulla Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970;

Introduction

Ascobulla is a genus of sea snails, a marine gastropod shelled-sacoglossan mollusk in the family Volvatellidae. A more common term for the organism is “bubble snails.” The description of “bubble-shells'' comes from the shape of the head-shield and large external shell.^[2] There are three shelled-sacoglossans: Cylindrobulla, Ascobulla, and Volvatella.^[2] These three oxynoacean are the most primitive living members of the gastropod order Sacoglossa . Much confusion has occurred in the exact classifications between these species, and living animals of Cylindrobulla and Ascobulla have often been considered to be essentially identical,^[2] but more recent research is geared towards distinguishing between the two. Several unambiguous features have been found to clearly distinguish the two: These are the cephalic shield with a shallow furrow found in Cylindrobulla, the broad tooth shape of Cylindrobulla, the number of more than 50 teeth in Cylindrobulla, and the equal length of the radula limbs in Cylindrobulla.^[3] To date, the genus Ascobulla contains 5 species: A. californica, A. fischeri, A. fragilis, A. japonica, and A. ulla.^[3]

Distribution

Ascobulla appears to show a global distribution in tropical and subtropical waters. Caribbean (Caribbean coasts of Mexico in mangrove habitats), Mediterranean.^[4] One species within the Ascobulla genus that has received focus in research is Ascobulla fragilis. This snail inhabits the warmer areas of the Mediterranean Sea.^[5] It is also found in the waters near the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa.^[6]

Physical description

Ascobulla exhibits a cylindrical, often somewhat pear-shaped shell with a concave apex and the protoconch (the embryonic/larval shell) exposed at the center. The shell itself is fairly thin and lightly calcified. It exhibits a sutural slit and a sharp edged sutural keel.^[7] Ascobulla has a cephalic shield, which is a hard external covering.^[7] They have a uniserial radula with dagger-shaped teeth, and the preradular tooth present ^[8] These snails have a foot that is relatively short (never extends beyond the shell), even when extended; the head and foot of the snail may be completely withdrawn back into the shell, and the shell then may be contracted by an anterior adductor muscle.^[9] The eyes of Ascobulla are located laterally, underneath the cephalic lobes . The gill of all shelled Sacoglossa is composed of a series of many parallel, ciliated lamellae, which are folds of the outer tissue layers of the mantle roof and cover the surface of the kidney.^[7]

^[10]

Images from Mikkelsen, 1997:^[8]

Ascobulla shell (4.0 mm length)
Ascobulla shell, expanded (3.1 mm length)
Apex of specimen in Image B
Radula (toothed feeding structure) of specimen in Image B

Feeding

Ascobulla species feed suctorially on species of the siphonalean green alga, Caulerpa.^[8] Ascobulla is often found to be protected by living near Caulerpa species, and is able to reduce the toxicity that comes from these algae in order to protect itself.^[11] “Suctorial” refers to the adaptation for sucking, or drawing up fluids and nutrients. In this sense, it behaves as a parasitic organism. Ascobulla, as well as all other sacoglossan species, have a distinctive, lengthened (preradular) tooth that coexists with an ascus (The ascus is a special sac-like structure that is used by slugs to store old teeth).^[12] This tooth is well-adapted for piercing and suckling. This tooth breaks through into the cytoplasmic fluid of the algae, which is suckled out by the organism.^[13] Members of the Ascobulla all have increasing tooth size in their newest teeth, which is another characteristic that distinguishes them from Cylindrobulla.^[12]

Reproduction

Ascobulla are hermaphroditic organisms, meaning they contain both male and female reproductive organs. Ascobulla features a penial stylet, which is able to be turned inside out and is located laterally on the right side.^[7] The penis itself is relatively large and muscular, so that it is capable of great extension. Only the tip of the penis is actually inserted during copulation. Copulation occurs at the female gential papilla, which is a region that contains the oviducal opening.^[7]

References

^ Marcus (1972). Bull. mar. Sci. 22: 286.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mikkelsen, Paula M. "Cylindrobulla and Ascobulla in the western Atlantic (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): systematic review, description of a new species, and phylogenetic reanalysis." Zoologica Scripta 27.1 (1998): 49-71
^ ^a ^b Laetz, Elise, et al. "The Cylindrobulla/Ascobulla complex—unraveling problems in identification and adding to Cylindrobulla diversity (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Sacoglossa) by describing a new species." Zootaxa 3893.3 (2014): 339-362.
^ Gavagnin, M., Mollo, E., Montanaro, D. et al. Chemical Studies of Caribbean Sacoglossans: Dietary Relationships with Green Algae and Ecological Implications. J Chem Ecol 26, 1563–1578 (2000).doi:10.1023/A:1005526526884
^ Amancic, S. "Ascobulla fragilis (Jeffers, 1856.) u priobalju Istre." (2020).
^ Thompson, T. E. "Biology and relationships of the South African sacoglossan mollusk Volvatella laguncula." Journal of Zoology 189.3 (1979): 339-347.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Jensen, Kather R. "Phylogenetic systematics and classification of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 351.1335 (1996): 91-122.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mikkelsen, Paula M. "Cylindrobulla and Ascobulla in the western Atlantic (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): systematic review, description of a new species, and phylogenetic reanalysis." Zoologica Scripta 27.1 (1998): 49-71
^ Jensen, Kathe R. "Comparative morphology of the mantle cavity organs of shelled Sacoglossa, with a discussion of relationships with other Heterobranchia." Thalassas 27.2 (2011): 169-192.
^ Mikkelsen, Paula M. "Cylindrobulla and Ascobulla in the western Atlantic (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): systematic review, description of a new species, and phylogenetic reanalysis." Zoologica Scripta 27.1 (1998): 49-71.
^ Gavagnin, M., Mollo, E., Montanaro, D. et al. Chemical Studies of Caribbean Sacoglossans: Dietary Relationships with Green Algae and Ecological Implications. J Chem Ecol 26, 1563–1578 (2000).doi:10.1023/A:1005526526884
^ ^a ^b Laetz, Elise, et al. "The Cylindrobulla/Ascobulla complex—unraveling problems in identification and adding to Cylindrobulla diversity (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Sacoglossa) by describing a new species." Zootaxa 3893.3 (2014): 339-362.
^ Amancic, S. "Ascobulla fragilis (Jeffers, 1856.) u priobalju Istre." (2020).

External links

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[1] Marcus (1972). Bull. mar. Sci. 22: 286.

[:0-2] Mikkelsen, Paula M. "Cylindrobulla and Ascobulla in the western Atlantic (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): systematic review, description of a new species, and phylogenetic reanalysis." Zoologica Scripta 27.1 (1998): 49-71

[:1-3] Laetz, Elise, et al. "The Cylindrobulla/Ascobulla complex—unraveling problems in identification and adding to Cylindrobulla diversity (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Sacoglossa) by describing a new species." Zootaxa 3893.3 (2014): 339-362.

[:2-4] Gavagnin, M., Mollo, E., Montanaro, D. et al. Chemical Studies of Caribbean Sacoglossans: Dietary Relationships with Green Algae and Ecological Implications. J Chem Ecol 26, 1563–1578 (2000).doi:10.1023/A:1005526526884

[:3-5] Amancic, S. "Ascobulla fragilis (Jeffers, 1856.) u priobalju Istre." (2020).

[6] Thompson, T. E. "Biology and relationships of the South African sacoglossan mollusk Volvatella laguncula." Journal of Zoology 189.3 (1979): 339-347.

[:4-7] Jensen, Kather R. "Phylogenetic systematics and classification of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 351.1335 (1996): 91-122.

[:02-8] Mikkelsen, Paula M. "Cylindrobulla and Ascobulla in the western Atlantic (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): systematic review, description of a new species, and phylogenetic reanalysis." Zoologica Scripta 27.1 (1998): 49-71

[9] Jensen, Kathe R. "Comparative morphology of the mantle cavity organs of shelled Sacoglossa, with a discussion of relationships with other Heterobranchia." Thalassas 27.2 (2011): 169-192.

[10] Mikkelsen, Paula M. "Cylindrobulla and Ascobulla in the western Atlantic (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): systematic review, description of a new species, and phylogenetic reanalysis." Zoologica Scripta 27.1 (1998): 49-71.

[:22-11] Gavagnin, M., Mollo, E., Montanaro, D. et al. Chemical Studies of Caribbean Sacoglossans: Dietary Relationships with Green Algae and Ecological Implications. J Chem Ecol 26, 1563–1578 (2000).doi:10.1023/A:1005526526884

[:12-12] Laetz, Elise, et al. "The Cylindrobulla/Ascobulla complex—unraveling problems in identification and adding to Cylindrobulla diversity (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Sacoglossa) by describing a new species." Zootaxa 3893.3 (2014): 339-362.

[:32-13] Amancic, S. "Ascobulla fragilis (Jeffers, 1856.) u priobalju Istre." (2020).

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