Planck 2018 results

II. Low Frequency Instrument data processing

¹ AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; AIM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
² APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, UK
⁵ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁶ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., M5S 3H8 Toronto, ON, Canada
⁷ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸ Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
¹⁰ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
¹¹ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹² Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹³ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca, 18, Oviedo, Spain
¹⁴ Departamento de Física Matematica, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1371 São Paulo, Brazil
¹⁵ Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca, 18, Oviedo, Spain
¹⁶ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
¹⁷ Department of Mathematics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
¹⁸ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
¹⁹ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa
²⁰ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²¹ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
²² Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
²³ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, USA
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
²⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
²⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
³⁰ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³¹ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
³² Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
³³ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, USA
³⁴ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
³⁵ INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁶ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
³⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
³⁸ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁹ INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
⁴⁰ INFN – CNAF, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴¹ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴² INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁴³ INFN, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
⁴⁴ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁵ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
⁴⁶ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2AZ London, UK
⁴⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁴⁸ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁴⁹ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, 2300 Leiden, RA, The Netherlands
⁵⁰ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0HA Cambridge, UK
⁵¹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁵² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵³ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁵⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁵⁵ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
⁵⁶ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
⁵⁷ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁵⁸ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0HA Cambridge, UK
⁵⁹ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁶⁰ LERMA/LRA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
⁶¹ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁶² Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶³ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁶⁴ Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, 00076 Espoo, Finland
⁶⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁶⁶ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, RH5 6NT Surrey, UK
⁶⁷ NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre (NUCAC), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁶⁸ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
⁶⁹ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁷⁰ San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
⁷¹ School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁷² School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, 752050 Jatni, Odissa, India
⁷³ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, CF24 3AA Cardiff, UK
⁷⁴ School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Daxue Rd, Tangjia, Zhuhai, PR China
⁷⁵ School of Physics and stronomy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK
⁷⁶ School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, 695551 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, India
⁷⁷ Simon Fraser University, Department of Physics, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
⁷⁸ Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁹ Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁸⁰ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁸¹ The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
⁸² UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸³ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸⁴ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 24 April 2018
Accepted: 4 September 2018

Abstract

We present a final description of the data-processing pipeline for the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI), implemented for the 2018 data release. Several improvements have been made with respect to the previous release, especially in the calibration process and in the correction of instrumental features such as the effects of nonlinearity in the response of the analogue-to-digital converters. We provide a brief pedagogical introduction to the complete pipeline, as well as a detailed description of the important changes implemented. Self-consistency of the pipeline is demonstrated using dedicated simulations and null tests. We present the final version of the LFI full sky maps at 30, 44, and 70 GHz, both in temperature and polarization, together with a refined estimate of the solar dipole and a final assessment of the main LFI instrumental parameters.