Abraham Lincoln

Avraam Linkoln
	; Linkoln portreti (1863-yil noyabr)
16-Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Prezidenti
	Mansab davri; 4-mart 1861-yil – 15-aprel 1865-yil
Vitse-prezident	Gannibal Gemlin (1861–1865); Endryu Jonson (mart-aprel, 1865);
Oʻtmishdoshi	Jeyms Byukenen
Vorisi	Endryu Jonson
Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Vakillar Palatasi aʼzosi (Illinois shtati 7-okrugdan)
	Mansab davri; 4-mart 1847-yil – 3-mart 1849-yil
Oʻtmishdoshi	Jon Genri
Vorisi	Tomas L. Xarris
Illinois Vakillar Palatasi aʼzosi (Sangamondan)
	Mansab davri; 1-dekabr 1834-yil – 4-dekabr 1842-yil
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlari
Tavalludi	12-fevral 1809-yil; Xojenvill, Kentukki, AQSh
Vafoti	15-aprel 1865-yil ; (56 yoshda) ; Vashington, AQSh
Fuqaroligi	AQSh; San Marino (faxriy)
Siyosiy partiyasi	Whig (1854-yilgacha); Republikachilar (1854–1864); Milliy Birlik (1864–1865);
Boʻyi	193 sm
Turmush oʻrtogʻi	Meri Todd Linkoln (turm. 1842)
Bolalari	Edvard Beyker Linkoln, Tad Linkoln, Robert Todd Linkoln, Uilyam Uolles Linkoln
Ota-onasi	Tomas Linkoln; Nensi Xenks
Kasbi	Siyosatchi; huquqshunos;
Imzosi

Avraam Linkoln (inglizcha: Abraham Lincoln; 12-fevral 1809-yil — 15-aprel 1865-yil) amerikalik huquqshunos va davlat arbobi boʻlib, 1861-yildan to oʻldirilishiga (1865-yil) qadar Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarining 16-prezidenti lavozimini bajargandir. Linkoln mamlakatni Amerika fuqarolar urushi davomida boshqargan hamda prezidentlik davrida Birlikni saqlab qolishga, AQSh hududida qullikni bekor qilishga, federal boshqaruv ustidan markaziy nazoratni kuchaytirishga va AQSh iqtisodiyotini modernizatsiyalashga erishgan.

Linkoln Kentukki shtatida qashshoq oilada tugʻilgan, bolalik yillari esa asosan Indiana shtatida oʻtgan. U kollejga bormagan, oʻzi oʻqib, huquqshunos boʻlgan. Shuningdek, Whig Party yetakchisi, Illinois shtati vakili va Illinois shtatidan kongressmen lavozimlarida faoliyat yuritgan. 1849-yilga kelib, huquqshunoslik faoliyatiga qaytadi. 1854-yilda yana siyosatga qaytdi va yangi tashkil etilgan Respublikachilar partiyasi yetakchisi boʻldi. U 1858-yilda Stiven Duglasga qarshi munozaralar ortidan obroʻ qozondi. Linkoln 1860-yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida nomzodligini ilgari surdi va gʻalaba qozondi. U AQSh hududida qullikni bekor qildi. Quldorlikni yoqlagan janubiy shtatlar Birlikdan ajralib chiqishni boshlashdi. Mustaqilligini taʼminlash maqsadida janubiy shtatlar tomonidan tuzilgan Konfederativ Shtatlar Janubdagi AQSh forti boʻlmish Fort-Samterga hujum qildi. Linkoln esa qoʻzgʻolonni bostirish va Birlikni tiklash uchun kuchlar kiritib, janubiy shtatlar qoʻshinini tor-mor etdi.

Linkoln 1864-yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida ham qatnashib, gʻalaba qozondi va ikkinchi muddatga saylandi. 1865-yilning 14-aprelida Appomattoxdagi urush nihoyasiga yetganidan bir necha kun oʻtgach, Linkoln rafiqasi Mary bilan Vashingtondagi Ford teatrida spektakl tomosha qilayotganida Konfederativ Shtatlarga xayrixoh boʻlgan John Wilkes Booth tarafidan otib oʻldirildi. Linkoln AQSh qahramoni oʻlaroq yodga olinib, koʻpincha AQSh tarixidagi eng buyuk prezident sifatida eʼtirof etiladi.

Dastlabki hayoti

Avraam Linkoln 1809-yil 12-fevralda Kentukki shtatining Xojenvill shahrida dunyoga kelgan. Otasi Tomas Linkoln, onasi Nensi Xenks Linkoln boʻlib, Abraham ularning ikkinchi farzandi boʻlgan.^[3] U 1638-yilda Birlashgan Qirollikning Norfolk grafligidan Massachusets shtatining Hingham shahriga koʻchib kelgan ingliz — Samuel Linkolnning avlodidir. Keyinchalik, oila Nyu-Jersi, Pennsilvaniya va Virginiya kabi shtatlarga koʻchishdi.^[4] Linkolnning ota tarafdan bobosi va buvisi — kapitan Avraam Linkoln va rafiqasi Bathsheba (qizlik familiyasi Herring) oilani Virginiya shtatidan Kentukki shtatidagi Jefferson kauntisiga koʻchirgan.^[5] Kapitan (Avraamning bobosi) 1786-yili hind reydida vafot etgan.^[6] Uning bolalari, jumladan sakkiz yoshli Tomas (Abrahamning otasi) hujumga guvoh boʻlishgan.^[7]^{[lower-alpha 1]} Thomas keyinchalik oila 1800-yillar boshlarida Kentukki shatining Hardin kauntisiga koʻchib oʻtgunga qadar Kentukki va Tennessi shtatlarida turli xil ishlarda ishladi.^[7]

Linjolnning onasi Nancyning kelib chiqishi nomaʼlumligicha qolmoqda, lekin Lusi Xenksning qizi deb taxmin qilinadi.^[9] Thomas va Nancy 1806-yil 12-iyunida Washington kauntisida turmush qurishgan va Kentukki shtatining Elizabettaun shahriga koʻchib oʻtishgan.^[10] Ularning uch farzandi boʻlgan: Sara, Avraam va goʻdakligida vafot etgan Tomas.^[11]

Tomas Linkoln Kentukki shtatida ferma sotib oladi yoki ijaraga oladi. Biroq, 81 gektarlik (200 akrlik) yerini sudda yutqazgani ortidan yoʻqotadi.^[12] 1816-yili oila mulkka daxlsizligi kafolatlangan shtat — Indianaga koʻchib oʻtishdi.^[13] Indiana oʻsha paytda „ozod“ (quldorlik boʻlmagan) hudud boʻlib, oila ushbu shtatning Perri kauntisidagi oq tanli boʻlmaganlar istiqomat qiladigan hudud — Hurricanega joylashdi.^[14]^[15]^[16] Linkolnning soʻzlariga koʻra, uning oilasi Indianaga qisman qullik, koʻproq esa yerga egalik bilan bogʻliq qiyinchiliklar tufayli koʻchib oʻtgan.^[17]

Kentukki va Indiana shtatlarida Tomas fermer, qimmatbaho mebel ishlovchi usta va duradgor sifatida ishladi.^[18] Turli vaqtlarda, u fermalar, ot-ulovlar va shahar uchastkalariga egalik qilib, kaunti patrullarida ishlagan. Tomas va Nensi alkogol, raqs va qullikni taqiqlovchi Separate Baptists cherkovi aʼzolari boʻlishgan.^[19]

Moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarni yengib oʻtgan Tomas 1827-yili Indiana shtatida 80 akrlik (32 gektarlik) yerga egalik qildi.^[20]

Suratlar

Linkoln 1857-yilda
Linkoln kichik oʻgʻli Tad bilan (1864)
Avraam Linkolnning rafiqasi — Mari Todd Linkoln (1861)
Linkoln yodgorligi, Vashington
Linkoln yodgorligi ichida joylashgan Linkoln haykali
Rushmore togʻida Linkolnning yuzi.
Linkoln portreti tushirilgan tanga, 2002-yilda zarb qilingan.
1863-yilda Metyu Bredi tomonidan olingan fotosurat.
Linkoln qabri, Springfield
Ford teatri, 1865-yilda Metyu Bredi tomonidan suratga olingan.

Izohlar

↑ Thomas 1778-yilning yanvarida dunyoga kelgan. Demak, hujum paytida u 8 yoshda boʻlgan. Eski manbalarga koʻra, u hujum paytida olti yosh boʻlgan.^[8]

Manbalar

↑ http://davidjkent-writer.com/2013/12/12/did-abraham-lincoln-have-dual-citizenship-with-the-republic-of-san-marino/
↑ Carpenter, Francis B.. Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture. Hurd and Houghton., 1866 — 217-bet.
↑ Donald 1996, ss. 20–22.
↑ Warren 2017, s. 3–4.
↑ Harrison 1935, s. 276.
↑ Warren 2017, s. 4.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 Donald 1996, s. 21.
↑ Wilson et al. 1998, ss. 35–36.
↑ Bartelt 2008, s. 79.
↑ Warren 2017, s. 9.
↑ Warren 2017, s. 9–10.
↑ Sandburg 1926, s. 20.
↑ Warren 2017, s. 13.
↑ Warren 2017, s. 26.
↑ Warren 2017, s. 16, 43.
↑ Bartelt 2008, ss. 3, 5, 16.
↑ Sandburg 1926, s. 20; Donald 1996, ss. 23–24.
↑ Bartelt 2008, ss. 34, 156.
↑ Donald 1996, s. 22–24.
↑ Bartelt 2008, ss. 24, 104.

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Havolalar

Abraham Lincoln kutubxonasi va muzeyi ^(ingl.)
Abraham Lincoln — Michigan universiteti ^(ingl.)
Oq uy biografiyasi ^(ingl.)

[9] Thomas 1778-yilning yanvarida dunyoga kelgan. Demak, hujum paytida u 8 yoshda boʻlgan. Eski manbalarga koʻra, u hujum paytida olti yosh boʻlgan.^[8]

[1] ttp://davidjkent-writer.com/2013/12/12/did-abraham-lincoln-have-dual-citizenship-with-the-republic-of-san-marino/

[LincolnHeight-2] Carpenter, Francis B.. Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture. Hurd and Houghton., 1866 — 217-bet.

[FOOTNOTEDonald199620–22-3] Donald 1996, ss. 20–22.

[FOOTNOTEWarren20173–4-4] Warren 2017, s. 3–4.

[FOOTNOTEHarrison1935276-5] Harrison 1935, s. 276.

[FOOTNOTEWarren20174-6] Warren 2017, s. 4.

[FOOTNOTEDonald199621-7] 7,0 ^7,1 Donald 1996, s. 21.

[FOOTNOTEWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon199835–36-8] Wilson et al. 1998, ss. 35–36.

[FOOTNOTEBartelt200879-10] Bartelt 2008, s. 79.

[FOOTNOTEWarren20179-11] Warren 2017, s. 9.

[FOOTNOTEWarren20179–10-12] Warren 2017, s. 9–10.

[FOOTNOTESandburg192620-13] Sandburg 1926, s. 20.

[FOOTNOTEWarren201713-14] Warren 2017, s. 13.

[FOOTNOTEWarren201726-15] Warren 2017, s. 26.

[FOOTNOTEWarren201716,_43-16] Warren 2017, s. 16, 43.

[FOOTNOTEBartelt20083,_5,_16-17] Bartelt 2008, ss. 3, 5, 16.

[FOOTNOTESandburg192620Donald199623–24-18] Sandburg 1926, s. 20; Donald 1996, ss. 23–24.

[FOOTNOTEBartelt200834,_156-19] Bartelt 2008, ss. 34, 156.

[FOOTNOTEDonald199622–24-20] Donald 1996, s. 22–24.

[FOOTNOTEBartelt200824,_104-21] Bartelt 2008, ss. 24, 104.

[1]