Morska vila

U folkloru, morska vila ili (morska) sirena jeste vodeno stvorenje sa glavom i gornjim delom tela žene i repom ribe.^[1] Morske vile se pojavljuju u folkloru mnogih kultura širom sveta, uključujući Bliski Istok, Evropu, Aziju i Afriku.

U drevnoj Asiriji boginja Atargatis se od sramote pretvorila u morsku vilu, jer je slučajno ubila svog ljubavnika. Morske vile su ponekad povezane sa pogubnim događajima kao što su poplave, oluje, olupine brodova i utapanja. U drugim narodnim tradicijama (ili ponekad u okviru iste tradicije), one mogu biti dobroćudne ili dobrotvorne, dajući blagodati ili zaljubljujući se u ljude.

Muški ekvivalent morske vile je morski vilenjak [en], takođe poznati lik u folkloru i heraldici. Iako su tradicije o viđenju morskog vilana manje uobičajene od tradicija o morskim vilama, za njih se obično smatra da koegzistiraju sa svojim ženskim pandanima.

Na začeće pojma morskih vila na Zapadu su verovatno uticale sirene grčke mitologije, koje su u početku bile nalik na poluptice, ali su u hrišćanskoj eri portretisane kao poluribe. Istorijske priče o morskim vilama, poput onih o kojima je pisao Kristifor Kolumbo tokom svog istraživanja na Kariba, možda su bila bazirana na viđenjima lamantina ili sličnih vodenih sisara. Iako nema dokaza da morske vile postoje izvan folklora, izveštaji o viđenju morskih vila traju i dan danas.

Morske vile su poslednjih vekova popularni predmet umetnosti i književnosti, poput književne bajke Hansa Kristijana Andersena „Mala morska vila” (1836). One su kasnije prikazivane u operama, slikama, knjigama, filmovima i stripovima.

Etimologija

U engleskom jeziku reč mermaid je kompozit staroengleskih reči mere (more), i maid (devojka ili mlada žena).^[1] Ekvivalentan termin u staroengleskom je bio merewif.^[2] One su uobičajeno prikazane kao žene lepog lika s dugom kosom.^[1]

Poreklo

Sirene iz grčke mitologije (a posebno Odiseje), zamišljene kao poluptice i polužene, postepeno su preobražene u sliku žene u obliku ribe. Ovaj pomak je verovatno počeo još tokom helenističkog perioda,^[4] ali je jasno vidljiv u morskim vilama sličnim prikazima sirena u kasnijim hrišćanskim bestijarijumima.^[3]^[а]

Neki atributi Homerovih sirena, poput omamljivanja ljudi i njihove lepe pesme, takođe su se pridavani morskim vilama.^[3]

Postoje takođe i prirodoslovne teorije o poreklu morskih vila, koje postuliraju da one potiču iz viđenja lamantina, ili dugonga ili čak perijara.^[6]^[7]

Napomene

^ The earliest surviving manuscripts of the Greek bestiary or Physiologus from the 2nd century still depict the siren as a bird woman. But a 9th century bestiary as an example depicts the siren as mermaid. Sometimes the illustration is that of a mermaid while the text still described a bird-woman.^[5]

Reference

^ ^а ^б ^в „Mermaid”. Dictionaries. Oxford. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 04. 2021. г. Приступљено 16. 4. 2012.
^ „Mermaid”. Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ ^а ^б ^в Waugh (1960), стр. 78–79.
^ Waugh mentions the example of a 250 B. C. terracotta piece of a "mourning siren".^[3]
^ Bain, Frederika (2017). The Tail of Melusine: Hybridity, Mutability, and the Accessible Other. Melusine's Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth. BRILL. стр. 24. ISBN 9789004355958.
^ Waugh (1960), стр. 77–78.
^ Jøn, A. Asbjørn (1978), Dugongs and Mermaids, Selkies and Seals, стр. 95, „these 'marine beasts' have featured in folk tradition for many centuries now, and until relatively recently they have maintained a reasonably standard set of characteristics. Many folklorists and mythographers deem that the origin of the mythic mermaid is the dugong, posing a theory that mythicised tales have been constructed around early sightings of dugongs by sailors.”

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

„Becoming Mermaids”. amnh.org. American Museum of Natural History. Архивирано из оригинала 02. 10. 2019. г. Приступљено 1. 10. 2019.
„Mermaid Report Room”. UnnaturalHistoryMuseum.org. Lumberwoods, Unnatural History Museum. Архивирано из оригинала 20. 08. 2019. г. Приступљено 1. 10. 2019.

[6] The earliest surviving manuscripts of the Greek bestiary or Physiologus from the 2nd century still depict the siren as a bird woman. But a 9th century bestiary as an example depicts the siren as mermaid. Sometimes the illustration is that of a mermaid while the text still described a bird-woman.^[5]

[oxforddictionaries1-1] а ^б ^в „Mermaid”. Dictionaries. Oxford. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 04. 2021. г. Приступљено 16. 4. 2012.

[2] „Mermaid”. Online Etymology Dictionary.

[FOOTNOTEWaugh196078–79-3] а ^б ^в Waugh (1960), стр. 78–79.

[4] Waugh mentions the example of a 250 B. C. terracotta piece of a "mourning siren".^[3]

[bain-5] Bain, Frederika (2017). The Tail of Melusine: Hybridity, Mutability, and the Accessible Other. Melusine's Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth. BRILL. стр. 24. ISBN 9789004355958.

[FOOTNOTEWaugh196077–78-7] Waugh (1960), стр. 77–78.

[8] Jøn, A. Asbjørn (1978), Dugongs and Mermaids, Selkies and Seals, стр. 95, „these 'marine beasts' have featured in folk tradition for many centuries now, and until relatively recently they have maintained a reasonably standard set of characteristics. Many folklorists and mythographers deem that the origin of the mythic mermaid is the dugong, posing a theory that mythicised tales have been constructed around early sightings of dugongs by sailors.”

[1]