Perm (hairstyle)

A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical treatment of hair to produce curls.

The first chemical treatment for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in the year 1906 by the German hairdresser Karl Nessler (1872-1951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use on human skin.

• "Karl L. Nessler". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
• Salon Fundamentals: A resource for your cosmetology career. Evanston, IL: Pivot Point International. 2004. ISBN 0-615-11288-9.

• Pictures of Nessler's permanent curling machine
• Disulphide bonds in hair Archived 2006-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
• The chemistry of a permanent wave
• Old advertisement for Toni brand perm
• Getting a perm in 1950 (demonstration) Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine