https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Royal_Burghs

Convention of Royal Burghs, var en representativ forsamling som beskyttet privilegiene og forfulgte interessene til Skottlands viktigste handelsbyer, «De kongelige byer», fra midten av femtenhundretallet.^[1] En institusjon for handelsborgerne var det egentlig et parlament som stifte byernes lover, akkurat som det skotske parlament stifte landets lov."^[2] På femtenhundretallet hadde det vokst innflytelse i den grad at regjeringen måtte lytte på det.^[3]

Det skotske parlament var domstol i første instans i landsforræderisaker og saker om konfiskasjon av eiendom som straff for forbrytelser. Det var også ankeinstans i tvistemål. Fra 1532 blev imidlertid de fleste sivile ankesaker behandlet i College of Justice.^[4]

Court of Session https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session

Although established in 1532, it wasn't until the passing of the College of Justice Act 1540 (originally titled Ratification of the institution of the college of justice) that the Court of Session gained the power to make law through Acts of Sederunt. The Act granted the Lord President, the Vice-President, and the Senators of the College of Justice the "power to make such acts, statutes and ordinance as they shall think expedient for ordering of processes and the hasty expedition of justice."^[5]

− ;Justiciary of Scotland

− ;Commission of Justiciary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary

The Courts Act 1672 (originally Act concerning the regulation of the judicatories) created the High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court of Scotland, by attaching five of the Lords of Session to the Lord Justice General and Lord Justice Clerk. The Courts Act also provided that "the judges of that court [...] regulate the inferior officers thereof, and order every other thing concerning the said court," and so created the distinction between Acts of Sederunt and Acts of Adjournal which continues to exist to this day.^[6][7]

• Burgh of regality

Court of Exchequer (Scotland) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Scotland)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission

Sheriff Court https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_court

Royal Burghs

Burgh of barony

− https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_under_the_Commonwealth#Constitutional_status

Skottland erklærte krig mot England for å hedre Auld-alliansen og for å avlede kong Henrik VIIIs tropper fra deres felttog mot den franske kongen Ludvig XII under den Den hellige ligas krig. I den resulterende katastrofale slaget ved Flodden ble James IV drept, sammen med mange av sine magnater og baroner.^[1]

Strid	År	Leder for Skottland	Leder for England	Utfall
Slaget ved Flodden Field	9. september 1513	Jakob IV av Skottland	Thomas Howard, 2. hertug av Norfolk	Skotsk seier

Da Jakob V ble myndig og overtok regjeringen, styrte han sin tidligere verge - den engelskvennlige Archibald Douglas, 6. jarl av Angus, som under hans mindreårighet styrt kongeriket - og fornyete Auld-alliansen med Frankrike. Spenningen mellom England og Skottland økte nok en gang, ikke minst fordi Henrik VIII av England allerede hadde brutt med den romersk-katolske kirke og innledet klosteroppløsningen, mens Jakob holdt til Roma og ga myndighet til mektige prelater som kardinal David Beaton.

Strid	År	Leder for Skottland	Leder for England	Utfall
Slaget ved Hadden Rig	24. august 1542	George Gordon, 4. jarl av Huntly	Sir Robert Bowes	Skotsk seier
Slaget ved Solway Moss	24. november 1542	Robert Maxwell, 5. lord Maxwell	Thomas Wharton, 1. baron Wharton	Avgjørende engelsk seier

Jakob V døde like etter nederlaget mot England. Nok en gang var Skottlands monark et spedbarn, denne gangen Maria Stuart. Henrik av England prøvde å presse et delt Skottland til en allianse og sikre ekteskapet til Maria med sønnen Edward.^[2] Da kardinal Beaton fikk kontroll over Skottlands regjering og fornyet alliansen med Frankrike, reagerte Henrik i 1544 ved å sende en hær under Edwards onkel, hertugen av Somerset, for å systematisk ødelegge og slakte i hele Sør-Skottland, som et middel til å fremkalle en hjerteskifte.^[3]

Strid	År	Leder for Skottland	Leder for England	Utfall
Brenningen av Edinburgh	7. mai 1544	James Hamilton, 2. jarl av Arran	Hertugen av Somerset	Engelsk seier
Slaget ved Ancrum Moore	27. februar 1545	James Hamilton, 2. jarl av Arran	William Eure, 1. baron Eure	Skotsk seier
Slaget ved Pinkie Cleugh	20. september 1547	James Hamilton, 2. jarl av Arran	Hertugen av Somerset	Engelsk seier
Beleiringen av Haddington	1548-1549	James Hamilton, 2. jarl av Arran Paul de Thermes, leder for de franske tropper	Francis Talbot, 5.jarl av Shrewsbury	Skotsk seier

Henrik VIII døde i 1547. Hertugen av Somerset, nå riksforstander, fornyet forsøket på å håndheve en allianse, og også innføre en anglikansk kirke på Skottland. Han vant en stor seier i slaget ved Pinkie Cleugh, men Maria ble smuglet til Frankrike for å være forlovet med Le Dauphin, den blivende Frans II av Frankrike. Kampene fortsatte noen år til, men franske tropper hjalp skottene. Uten varig fred kunne ikke Somersets regime stå for bekostningen av krigen og han ble styrtet og til slutt henrettet.

Borgerkrigen i Skottland 1568–1573 var en periode med konflikter som fulgte abdikasjonen av Maria Stuart og hennes flukt fra Lochleven slott i mai 1568. De som styrte i navnet til hennes spede sønn Jakob VI kjempet mot tilhengerne av dronningen som var i eksil i England. Edinburgh Castle som ble garnisonert i hennes navn, ble fokus i konflikten og overga seg først etter et engelsk inngrep i mai 1573.

Strid	År	Leder for Dronningens men	Leder for Kongens menn	Utfall
Slaget ved Langside	13. mai 1568	Archibald Campbell, 5. jarl av Argyll	James Stewart, 1. jarl av Moray	Avgjørende seier for Kongens menn
Slaget ved Tillieangus	10. oktober 1571	Sir Adam Gordon av Auchindoun	Black Arthur Forbes	Seier for Dronningens menn
Slaget ved Craibstone	20. november 1571	Sir Adam Gordon av Auchindoun	Alexander, Herre av Forbes	Seier for Dronningens menn
Beleiringen av slottet Chanonry of Ross	1569-1573	Colin Cam Mackenzie, 11. av Kintail	Andrew Munro, 5. av Milntown Colin	Seier for Dronningens menn

Bispekrigene var et borgerkrig som hadde sin opprinnelse i langvarige tvister om kontroll og styring av Den skotske kirke som gikk tilbake til 1580-årene. Disse kom på hodet i 1637 da Karl I av England forsøkte å innføre samme liturgiske praksis som i Den engelske kirke sammen med en episkopal kirkeordning i Skottland.

Strid	År	Leder for Rojalistene	Leder for Covenanters	Utfall
Slaget ved bruen over Dee	18. - 19. juni 1539	James Gordon, 2. vicomte Aboyne	James Graham, 1. marki av Montrose	Seier for Covenanters

Etter at de skotske rojalistene var blitt beseiret, innledet Karl I en ny krig å håndheve sine kirkelige ideer. Denne gang med engelske tropper.

Strid	År	Leder for Skottland	Leder for England	Utfall
Slaget ved vadestedet over Newburn	10. oktober 1571	Alexander Leslie, 1.jarl av Leven	Edward Conway, 2.vicomte Conway	Avgjørende skotsk seier

Strid	År	Leder for Skottland	Leder for England	Utfall
Beleiringen av Newcastle	3. februar - 21. oktober 1644	Alexander Leslie, 1.jarl av Leven	Sir John Marlay	Skotsk seier
Slaget ved Boldon Hill	25. mars 1644	Alexander Leslie, 1.jarl av Leven	William Cavendish, 1. hertug av Newcastle	Skotsk seier

In 1512, the Auld Alliance was renewed and under its terms, when the French were attacked by the English under Henry VIII, James IV invaded England in support. The invasion was stopped decisively at the Battle of Flodden Field during which the King, many of his nobles, and a large number of ordinary troops were killed, commemorated by the song Flowers of the Forest. Once again Scotland's government lay in the hands of regents in the name of the infant James V.^[4]

James V finally managed to escape from the custody of the regents in 1528. He continued his father's policy of subduing the rebellious Highlands, Western and Northern isles and the troublesome borders.^[5] He also continued the French alliance, marrying first the French noblewoman Madeleine of Valois and then after her death Marie of Guise.^[5] James V's domestic and foreign policy successes were overshadowed by another disastrous campaign against England that led to defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss (1542).^[5] James died a short time later, a demise blamed by contemporaries on "a broken heart". The day before his death, he was brought news of the birth of an heir: a daughter, who would become Mary, Queen of Scots.^[6]

Once again, Scotland was in the hands of a regent. Within two years, the Rough Wooing began, Henry VIII's military attempt to force a marriage between Mary and his son, Edward. This took the form of border skirmishing and several English campaigns into Scotland. In 1547, after the death of Henry VIII, forces under the English regent Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset were victorious at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the climax of the Rough Wooing, and followed up by the occupation of Haddington. Mary was then sent to France at the age of five, as the intended bride of the heir to the French throne. Her mother, Marie de Guise, stayed in Scotland to look after the interests of Mary – and of France – although the Earl of Arran acted officially as regent.^[7] Guise responded by calling on French troops, who helped stiffen resistance to the English occupation. By 1550, after a change of regent in England, the English withdrew from Scotland completely.

From 1554, Marie de Guise, took over the regency, and continued to advance French interests in Scotland. French cultural influence resulted in a large influx of French vocabulary into Scots. But anti-French sentiment also grew, particularly among Protestants, who saw the English as their natural allies. In 1560, Marie de Guise died, and soon after the Auld Alliance also ended, with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh, which provided for the removal of French and English troops from Scotland. The Scottish Reformation took place only days later when the Scottish Parliament abolished the Roman Catholic religion and outlawed the Mass.^[8]

Meanwhile, Queen Mary had been raised as a Catholic in France, and married to the Dauphin, who became king as Francis II in 1559, making her queen consort of France.^[9] When Francis died in 1560, Mary, now 19, returned to Scotland to take up the government. Despite her private religion, she did not attempt to re-impose Catholicism on her largely Protestant subjects, thus angering the chief Catholic nobles. Her six-year personal reign was marred by a series of crises, largely caused by the intrigues and rivalries of the leading nobles. The murder of her secretary, David Riccio, was followed by that of her unpopular second husband Lord Darnley, and her abduction by and marriage to the Earl of Bothwell, who was implicated in Darnley's murder.^[10] Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill and after their forces melted away, he fled and she was captured by Bothwell's rivals. Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, and in July 1567, was forced to abdicate in favour of her infant son James VI.^[11] Mary eventually escaped and attempted to regain the throne by force. After her defeat at the Battle of Langside in 1568, she took refuge in England, leaving her young son in the hands of regents. In Scotland the regents fought a civil war on behalf of James VI against his mother's supporters. In England, Mary became a focal point for Catholic conspirators and was eventually tried for treason and executed on the orders of her kinswoman Elizabeth I.^[12][13]

During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominantly Calvinist national Kirk, which became Presbyterian in outlook and severely reduced the powers of bishops. In the earlier part of the century, the teachings of first Martin Luther and then John Calvin began to influence Scotland, particularly through Scottish scholars, often training for the priesthood, who had visited Continental universities. The Lutheran preacher Patrick Hamilton was executed for heresy in St. Andrews in 1528.^[14] The execution of others, especially the Zwingli-influenced George Wishart, who was burnt at the stake on the orders of Cardinal Beaton in 1546, angered Protestants. Wishart's supporters assassinated Beaton soon after and seized St. Andrews Castle, which they held for a year before they were defeated with the help of French forces. The survivors, including chaplain John Knox, were condemned to be galley slaves in France, stoking resentment of the French and creating martyrs for the Protestant cause.^[15]

Limited toleration and the influence of exiled Scots and Protestants in other countries, led to the expansion of Protestantism, with a group of lairds declaring themselves Lords of the Congregation in 1557 and representing their interests politically. The collapse of the French alliance and English intervention in 1560 meant that a relatively small, but highly influential, group of Protestants were in a position to impose reform on the Scottish church. A confession of faith, rejecting papal jurisdiction and the mass, was adopted by Parliament in 1560, while the young Mary, Queen of Scots, was still in France.^[16]

Knox, having escaped the galleys and spent time in Geneva as a follower of Calvin, emerged as the most significant figure of the period. The Calvinism of the reformers led by Knox resulted in a settlement that adopted a Presbyterian system and rejected most of the elaborate trappings of the medieval church. The reformed Kirk gave considerable power to local lairds, who often had control over the appointment of the clergy. There were widespread, but generally orderly outbreaks of iconoclasm. At this point the majority of the population was probably still Catholic in persuasion and the Kirk found it difficult to penetrate the Highlands and Islands, but began a gradual process of conversion and consolidation that, compared with reformations elsewhere, was conducted with relatively little persecution.^[17]

Women shared in the religiosity of the day. The egalitarian and emotional aspects of Calvinism appealed to men and women alike. Historian Alasdair Raffe finds that, "Men and women were thought equally likely to be among the elect....Godly men valued the prayers and conversation of their female co-religionists, and this reciprocity made for loving marriages and close friendships between men and women." Furthermore, there was an increasingly intense relationship in the pious bonds between minister and his women parishioners. For the first time, laywomen gained numerous new religious roles,And took a prominent place in prayer societies.^[18]

In 1603, James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England, and became King James I of England, leaving Edinburgh for London, uniting England and Scotland under one monarch.^[19] The Union was a personal or dynastic union, with the Crowns remaining both distinct and separate—despite James's best efforts to create a new "imperial" throne of "Great Britain".^[20] The acquisition of the Irish crown along with the English, facilitated a process of settlement by Scots in what was historically the most troublesome area of the kingdom in Ulster, with perhaps 50,000 Scots settling in the province by the mid-17th century.^[21] James adopted a different approach to impose his authority in the western Highlands and Islands. The additional military resource that was now available, particularly the English navy, resulted in the enactment of the Statutes of Iona which compelled integration of Hebridean clan leaders with the rest of Scottish society.^[22]:{{{1}}} Attempts to found a Scottish colony in North America in Nova Scotia were largely unsuccessful, with insufficient funds and willing colonists.^[23]

Although James had tried to get the Scottish Church to accept some of the High Church Anglicanism of his southern kingdom, he met with limited success. His son and successor, Charles I, took matters further, introducing an English-style Prayer Book into the Scottish church in 1637. This resulted in anger and widespread rioting. (The story goes that it was initiated by a certain Jenny Geddes who threw a stool in St Giles Cathedral.)^[24] Representatives of various sections of Scottish society drew up the National Covenant in 1638, objecting to the King's liturgical innovations. In November of the same year matters were taken even further, when at a meeting of the General Assembly in Glasgow the Scottish bishops were formally expelled from the Church, which was then established on a full Presbyterian basis.^[25] Charles gathered a military force; but as neither side wished to push the matter to a full military conflict, a temporary settlement was concluded at Pacification of Berwick.^[25] Matters remained unresolved until 1640 when, in a renewal of hostilities, Charles's northern forces were defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Newburn to the west of Newcastle.^[26] During the course of these Bishops' Wars Charles tried to raise an army of Irish Catholics, but was forced to back down after a storm of protest in Scotland and England. The backlash from this venture provoked a rebellion in Ireland and Charles was forced to appeal to the English Parliament for funds. Parliament's demands for reform in England eventually resulted in the English Civil War. This series of civil wars that engulfed England, Ireland and Scotland in the 1640s and 1650s is known to modern historians as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.^[27] The Covenanters meanwhile, were left governing Scotland, where they raised a large army of their own and tried to impose their religious settlement on Episcopalians and Roman Catholics in the north of the country. In England his religious policies caused similar resentment and he ruled without recourse to parliament from 1629.^[28]

As the civil wars developed, the English Parliamentarians appealed to the Scots Covenanters for military aid against the King. A Solemn League and Covenant was entered into, guaranteeing the Scottish Church settlement and promising further reform in England.^[29] Scottish troops played a major part in the defeat of Charles I, notably at the battle of Marston Moor. An army under the Earl of Leven occupied the North of England for some time.^[30]

However, not all Scots supported the Covenanter's taking arms against their King. In 1644, James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose attempted to raise the Highlands for the King. Few Scots would follow him, but, aided by 1,000 Irish, Highland and Islesmen troops sent by the Irish Confederates under Alasdair MacDonald (MacColla), and an instinctive genius for mobile warfare, he was stunningly successful. A Scottish Civil War began in September 1644 with his victory at battle of Tippermuir. After a series of victories over poorly trained Covenanter militias, the lowlands were at his mercy. However, at this high point, his army was reduced in size, as MacColla and the Highlanders preferred to continue the war in the north against the Campbells. Shortly after, what was left of his force was defeated at the Battle of Philiphaugh. Escaping to the north, Montrose attempted to continue the struggle with fresh troops; but in July 1646 his army was disbanded after the King surrendered to the Scots army at Newark, and the civil war came to an end.^[31]

The following year Charles, while he was being held captive in Carisbrooke Castle, entered into an agreement with moderate Scots Presbyterians. In this secret 'Engagement', the Scots promised military aid in return for the King's agreement to implement Presbyterianism in England on a three-year trial basis. The Duke of Hamilton led an invasion of England to free the King, but he was defeated by Oliver Cromwell in August 1648 at the Battle of Preston.^[32]

The execution of Charles I in 1649 was carried out in the face of objections by the Covenanter government and his son was immediately proclaimed as King Charles II in Edinburgh. Oliver Cromwell led an invasion of Scotland in 1650, and defeated the Scottish army at Dunbar and then defeated a Scottish invasion of England at Worcester on 3 September 1651 (the anniversary of his victory at Dunbar). Cromwell emerged as the leading figure in the English government and Scotland was occupied by an English force under George Monck. The country was incorporated into the Puritan-governed Commonwealth and lost its independent church government, parliament and legal system, but gained access to English markets.^[33] Various attempts were made to legitimise the union, calling representatives from the Scottish burghs and shires to negotiations and to various English parliaments, where they were always under-represented and had little opportunity for dissent. However, final ratification was delayed by Cromwell's problems with his various parliaments and the union did not become the subject of an act until 1657 (see Tender of Union).^[34]

After the death of Cromwell and the regime's collapse, Charles II was restored in 1660 and Scotland again became an independent kingdom.^[35] Scotland regained its system of law, parliament and kirk, but also the Lords of the Articles (by which the crown managed parliament), bishops and a king who did not visit the country. He ruled largely without reference to Parliament, through a series of commissioners. These began with John, Earl of Middleton and ended with the king's brother and heir, James, Duke of York (known in Scotland as the Duke of Albany).^[36] The English Navigation Acts prevented the Scots engaging in what would have been lucrative trading with England's colonies.^[37] The restoration of episcopacy was a source of trouble, particularly in the south-west of the country, an area with strong Presbyterian sympathies. Abandoning the official church, many of the inhabitants began to attend illegal field assemblies, known as conventicles.^[38] Official attempts to suppress these led to a rising in 1679, defeated by James, Duke of Monmouth, the King's illegitimate son, at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge.^[39] In the early 1680s a more intense phase of persecution began, later to be called "the Killing Time". When Charles died in 1685 and his brother, a Roman Catholic, succeeded him as James VII of Scotland (and II of England), matters came to a head.^[40]

James put Catholics in key positions in the government and attendance at conventicles was made punishable by death. He disregarded parliament, purged the Council and forced through religious toleration to Roman Catholics, alienating his Protestant subjects. It was believed that the king would be succeeded by his daughter Mary, a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, but when in 1688, James produced a male heir, James Francis Edward Stuart, it was clear that his policies would outlive him. An invitation by seven leading Englishmen led William to land in England with 40,000 men, and James fled, leading to the almost bloodless "Glorious Revolution". The Estates issued a Claim of Right that suggested that James had forfeited the crown by his actions (in contrast to England, which relied on the legal fiction of an abdication) and offered it to William and Mary, which William accepted, along with limitations on royal power.^[35] The final settlement restored Presbyterianism and abolished the bishops who had generally supported James. However, William, who was more tolerant than the Kirk tended to be, passed acts restoring the Episcopalian clergy excluded after the Revolution.^[41]

Although William's supporters dominated the government, there remained a significant following for James, particularly in the Highlands. His cause, which became known as Jacobitism, from the Latin (Jacobus) for James, led to a series of risings. An initial Jacobite military attempt was led by John Graham, Viscount Dundee. His forces, almost all Highlanders, defeated William's forces at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689, but they took heavy losses and Dundee was slain in the fighting. Without his leadership the Jacobite army was soon defeated at the Battle of Dunkeld.^[42] In the aftermath of the Jacobite defeat on 13 February 1692, in an incident since known as the Massacre of Glencoe, 38 members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by members of the Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot, on the grounds that they had not been prompt in pledging allegiance to the new monarchs.^[43]

By the start of the 18th century, a political union between Scotland and England became politically and economically attractive, promising to open up the much larger markets of England, as well as those of the growing English Empire. With economic stagnation since the late 17th century, which was particularly acute in 1704, the country depended more and more heavily on sales of cattle and linen to England, who used this to create pressure for a union.^[44][45] The Scottish parliament voted on 6 January 1707, by 110 to 69, to adopt the Treaty of Union. It was also a full economic union; indeed, most of its 25 articles dealt with economic arrangements for the new state known as "Great Britain". It added 45 Scots to the 513 members of the House of Commons and 16 Scots to the 190 members of the House of Lords, and ended the Scottish parliament. It also replaced the Scottish systems of currency, taxation and laws regulating trade with laws made in London. Scottish law remained separate from English law, and the religious system was not changed. England had about five times the population of Scotland at the time, and about 36 times as much wealth.^[44][46]

Covenanterparlamentet utropte Karl II til konge i 1649, men nektet å la ham komme inn i Skottland med mindre han godtok innføringen av presbyterianisme i hele Storbritannia og Irland. Da kongen kom til Skottland i 1650, gikk han formelt med på Den nasjonale pakt. Hans forlatelse av bispestyret gjorde ham upopulær i England, men vant ham støtte i Skottland. Karl kom selv snart til å forakte Covenanters som kjeltringer og hyklere og efter restaurasjonen gjeninnførte han bispestyret i kirken.^{[47] [48]}

akob VII konverterte til katolisisme og prøvde å innføre toleranse for katolikker og protestantiske dissentere, men da parlamentene i Skottland og England nektet å støtte toleransepolitikken ville han gjennomføre den med kongelige edikt. Anti-katolske opptøyer brøt ut i Skottland og England og med støtte fra en nederlandsk invasjonshær, styrte den episkopale politiske klassen i England kongen og drev ham i eksil.^[49]