Pertempuran El Alamein Kedua

Pertempuran El Alamein Kedua
	Sebahagian daripada Kempen Gurun Barat dalam Perang Dunia II
	; 24 Oktober 1942: Askar-askar dari Divisyen Ke-9 Infantri Australia dalam gaya menyerang. (Jurugambar: Len Chetwyn)
Tarikh	23 Oktober – 11 November 1942
Lokasi	El Alamein, Mesir
Keputusan	Kemenangan pihak Bersekutu
Pihak yang terlibat
Jerman Nazi; Itali	United Kingdom India; Palestin Bermandat; Australia; New Zealand; Afrika Selatan; Perancis Bebas; Kerajaan Yunani; Amerika Syarikat (bantuan udara)
Komandan dan pemimpin
Georg Stumme †; Erwin Rommel ; Ritter von Thoma #; Ettore Bastico	Bernard Montgomery
Kekuatan
116,000 askar; 547 kereta kebal; 192 kereta perisai; 770 – 900 pesawat (480 dapat digunakan); 552 laras artileri; 496 meriam anti kereta kebal – 1,063	195,000 askar; 1,029 kereta kebal; 435 kereta perisai; 730 – 750 pesawat (530 dapat digunakan); 892 – 908 laras artileri; 1,451 meriam anti-kereta kebal
Kerugian dan korban
36,939 hingga 59,000 askar (9,000 terbunuh atau hilang, 15,000 cedera, 35,000 tawanan); s. 500 kereta kebal; 254 meriam; 64 pesawat Jerman dan 20 Itali	13,560 askar (4,810 terbunuh atau hilang, 8,950 cedera); 332–s. 500 kereta kebal; 111 meriam; 77 pesawat British dan 20 AS

Pertempuran El Alamein Kedua (23 Oktober–11 November 1942) adalah satu pertempuran Perang Dunia II yang berlangsung dekat perhentian keretapi El Alamein di Mesir. Dengan kemenangan pihak Bersekutu, ia menjadi titik perubahan dalam Kempen Gurun Barat. Pertempuran El Alamein Pertama telah menghalang kuasa Paksi dari mara jauh kedalam Mesir. Pada Ogos 1942, Leftenan Jeneral Sir Bernard Law Montgomery mengambil alih pemerintahan Tentera Darat Kelapan selepas pemecatan Jeneral Claude Auchinleck dan kematian penggantinya Leftenan Jeneral William Gott dalam satu nahas udara.

Kemenangan British mengubah arus Kempen Afrika Utara dan menamatkan ancaman Paksi ke Mesir, Terusan Suez dan medan minyak Timur Tengah dan Parsi melalui Afrika Utara. Pertempuran El Alamein Kedua menghidupkan kembali semangat pihak Sekutu, menjadi kejayaan besar pertama terhadap pihak Paksi semenjak Operasi Crusader pada akhir tahun 1941. Pertempuran ini serentak dengan penyerbuan Bersekutu ke atas Afrika Utara Perancis dalam Operasi Torch, yang bermula pada 8 November, serta Pertempuran Stalingrad dan Kempen Guadalcanal.

Lihat juga

Nota kaki

^ Maurer 1983, m/s. 120.
^ Latimer 2003, m/s. 249–250.
^ Buffetaut 1995, m/s. 95.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Playfair 2004, m/s. 30.
^ Playfair 2004, m/s. 9–11.
^ ^a ^b Barr 2005, m/s. 304.
^ ^a ^b Playfair 2004, m/s. 3.
^ ^a ^b Barr 2005, m/s. 26.
^ ^a ^b Playfair 2004, m/s. 10.
^ Barr 2005, m/s. 276.
^ Playfair 2004, m/s. 9.
^ Terraine 1985, m/s. 385.

Rujukan

Barr, Niall (2005) [2004]. Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-58567-738-2.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Bauer, Eddy (2000) [1979]. Young, Peter (penyunting). The History of World War II (ed. rev.). London: Orbis. ISBN 1-85605-552-3.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2003) [2002]. War Without Hate: The Desert Campaign of 1940–1943. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200394-7.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Buffetaut, Yves (1995). Operation Supercharge-La seconde bataille d'El Alamein [Operation Supercharge: Second Battle of El Alamein]. Les grandes batailles de la Seconde Guerre mondiale: Collection hors-série Militaria (dalam bahasa French). Paris: Histoire Et Collections. OCLC 464158829.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Churchill, W. (1950). The Hinge of Fate. The Second World War. new York: Bantam. OCLC 24115733.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Clifford, Alexander (1943). Three Against Rommel. London: George G. Harrap. OCLC 10426023.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Creveld, Martin van (1997). Supplying War; Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54657-5.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Dear, I. C. B., penyunting (2005) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280666-6.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (1994). Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo. ISBN 978-1-58097-018-1.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Hinsley, F. H.; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1981). British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its influence on Strategy and Operations. II. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-630934-2.
Jentz, Thomas L. (1996). Panzertruppen 2: The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force 1943–1945. Schiffer. ISBN 0-7643-0080-6.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Latimer, Jon (2002). Alamein. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6203-7.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Latimer, Jon (2003) [2002]. Alamein. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6213-6.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Lucas-Phillips, C. E. (1962). Alamein. London: Heinemann. OCLC 3510044.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Lucas, James Sydney (1983). War in the Desert: The Eighth Army at El Alamein. New York: Beaufort Books. OCLC 610276818.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Maurer, Maurer (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units Of World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Modelski, Tadeusz (1986). The Polish Contribution to The Ultimate Allied Victory in The Second World War. Worthing. OCLC 60083169.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Montanari, Mario (1993). El Alamein. Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale. III. Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico. OCLC 313319483.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; dll. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. IV (ed. Naval & Military Press). London: HMSO. ISBN 1-84574-068-8.
Rommel, Erwin; Liddell Hart, Basil (1982) [1953]. The Rommel Papers. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80157-0.
Strawson, John (1981). El Alamein: Desert Victory. London: J. M. Dent. OCLC 0460044222.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Terraine, John (1985). The Right of the Line: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–45. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9780340266441.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Vivian, Cassandra (2000). The Western Desert of Egypt: An Explorer's Handbook. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-527-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Walker, Ian W. (2006). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts; Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-646-4.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Walker, Ronald (1967). Alam Halfa and Alamein. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch. OCLC 893102.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Watson, Bruce Allen (2007) [1999]. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole. ISBN 0-8117-3381-5.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Young, Peter (1966). A Short History of World War II 1939–1945 (ed. 1970). London: Pan Books. OCLC 852185369.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Bacaan lanjut

Bright, John, penyunting (1951). The Ninth Queen's Royal Lancers 1936–1945: The Story of an Armoured Regiment in Battle. Aldershot: Gale & Polden. OCLC 3732838.
Carell, Paul (1962). The Foxes of the Desert. New York: Bantam Books. OCLC 721200796.
Carver, Field Marshal Lord (2000) [1962]. El Alamein (ed. pbk.). Ware: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-84022-220-3.

Pautan luar

Templat:Externalimage

The fate of the Italians in the battle as reported by TIME MAGAZINE Diarkibkan 2010-09-26 di Wayback Machine
The war time memories of Pte. Sid Martindale 1st Battalion Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders Diarkibkan 2007-12-12 di Wayback Machine
Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume III – Tobruk and El Alamein Chapters 14 -15
The 3rd Hussars (9th Armoured Brigade) at El Alamein Diarkibkan 2007-10-17 di Wayback Machine
Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and Second World War (Deception and mine clearance at El Alamein)
German Minefields at Alamein (October – November, 1942) US War Department Information Bulletin, 1943
The History of the British 7th Armoured Division di Wayback Machine (diarkibkan 21 Jun 2007)
El Alamein di Wayback Machine (diarkibkan 22 Mac 2008)
El Alamein in Egypt Today (where to stay etc)^{[pautan mati kekal]}
Second Battle of El Alamein

Templat:Tank battles

Koordinat: 30°50′N 28°57′E / 30.833°N 28.950°E / 30.833; 28.950
Ralat petik: Tag <ref> wujud untuk kumpulan bernama "lower-alpha", tetapi tiada tag <references group="lower-alpha"/> yang berpadanan disertakan

[FOOTNOTEMaurer1983120-1] Maurer 1983, m/s. 120.

[FOOTNOTELatimer2003249–250-2] Latimer 2003, m/s. 249–250.

[FOOTNOTEBuffetaut199595-3] Buffetaut 1995, m/s. 95.

[FOOTNOTEPlayfair200430-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Playfair 2004, m/s. 30.

[FOOTNOTEPlayfair20049–11-6] Playfair 2004, m/s. 9–11.

[FOOTNOTEBarr2005304-8] Barr 2005, m/s. 304.

[FOOTNOTEPlayfair20043-9] Playfair 2004, m/s. 3.

[FOOTNOTEBarr200526-11] Barr 2005, m/s. 26.

[FOOTNOTEPlayfair200410-12] Playfair 2004, m/s. 10.

[FOOTNOTEBarr2005276-14] Barr 2005, m/s. 276.

[FOOTNOTEPlayfair20049-15] Playfair 2004, m/s. 9.

[FOOTNOTETerraine1985385-20] Terraine 1985, m/s. 385.

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