Magnetosfera Musytari
Templat:Infobox magnetosphere Magnetosfera Musytari merupakan ruang yang tercipta pada angin suria yang disebabkan oleh medan magnet planet tersebut. Menganjur sehingga tujuh juta kilometer ke arah Matahari dan hampir ke orbit Zuhal pada arah yang bertentangan, magnetosfera Musytari adalah yang terbesar dan paling berkuasa dikalangan mana-mana magnetosfera planet dalam Sistem Suria, dan dengan dari segi isipadu struktur yang terbesar diketahui di Sistem Suria selepas heliosfera. Lebih luas dan mendatar berbanding magnetosfera Bumi, kekuatan Musytari ini lebih kuat mengikut peringkat gandaan, manakala saat magnetnya secara kasarnya 18,000 kali lebih besar. Kewujudan medan magnet Musytari mula disimpulkan daripada pemerhatian pelepasan radio pada akhir 1950-an dan diperhatikan secara langsung oleh kapal angkasa Perintis 10 pada tahun 1973.
Jupiter's internal magnetic field is generated by electrical currents in the planet's outer core, which is composed of liquid metallic hydrogen. Volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's moon Io eject large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas into space, forming a large torus around the planet. Jupiter's magnetic field forces the torus to rotate with the same angular velocity and direction as the planet. The torus in turn loads the magnetic field with plasma, in the process stretching it into a pancake-like structure called a magnetodisk. In effect, Jupiter's magnetosphere is shaped by Io's plasma and its own rotation, rather than by the solar wind like Earth's magnetosphere. Strong currents in the magnetosphere generate permanent aurorae around the planet's poles and intense variable radio emissions, which means that Jupiter can be thought of as a very weak radio pulsar. Jupiter's aurorae have been observed in almost all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, including infrared, visible, ultraviolet and soft X-rays.
Medan magnet dalaman Musytari ini dihasilkan oleh arus elektrik pada teras luar planet, yang terdiri daripada cecair logam hidrogen. Letusan gunung berapi bulan Musytari, Io mengeluarkan sejumlah besar gas sulfur dioksida ke angkasa, membentuk torus besar yang melitupi keseluruhan planet ini. Letupan gunung berapi, medan magnet Musytari memaksa torus untuk berputar dengan halaju sudut besar dan arah ini dikenali sebagai planet ini. Yang torus seterusnya memuatkan medan magnet dengan plasma , dalam proses regangan ke dalam struktur pancake seperti dipanggil magnetodisk. Pada hakikatnya, magnetosfera Musytari dibentuk oleh plasma Io dan putaran sendiri, bukan oleh angin solar seperti magnetosfera Bumi. Arus yang kuat dalam magnetosfera menjana kekal aurorae sekitar kutub planet dan sengit pelepasan radio berubah-ubah, yang bermaksud bahawa Musytari boleh dianggap sebagai sangat lemah PULSAR radio . Aurorae Musytari telah diperhatikan di hampir semua bahagian spektrum elektromagnet , termasuk inframerah , dilihat , ultraungu dan sinar-X lembut .
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Sumber petikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bhardwaj, A.; Gladstone, G.R. (2000). "Auroral emissions of the giant planets" (PDF). Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (3): 295–353. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38..295B. doi:10.1029/1998RG000046.
- Blanc, M. (2005). "Solar System magnetospheres". Space Science Reviews. 116 (1–2): 227–298. Bibcode:2005SSRv..116..227B. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-1958-y. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Bolton, S.J. (2002). "Ultra-relativistic electrons in Jupiter's radiation belts". Nature. 415 (6875): 987–991. Bibcode:2002Natur.415..987B. doi:10.1038/415987a. PMID 11875557. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Burke, B.F. (1955). "Observations of a variable radio source associated with the planet Jupiter". Journal of Geophysical Research. 60 (2): 213–217. Bibcode:1955JGR....60..213B. doi:10.1029/JZ060i002p00213. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Burns, J.A.; Simonelli; Showalter; Hamilton; Porco; Throop; Esposito (2004). "Jupiter's ring-moon system" (PDF). Dalam Bagenal, F.; dll. (penyunting). Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 241. Bibcode:2004jpsm.book..241B. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in:|editor=
(bantuan) - Clarke, J.T. (2002). "Ultraviolet emissions from the magnetic footprints of Io, Ganymede and Europa on Jupiter" (PDF). Nature. 415 (6875): 997–1000. doi:10.1038/415997a. PMID 11875560. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Corum, Kenneth L. (1996). Nikola Tesla and the electrical signals of planetary origin (PDF). OCLC 68193760. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Cooper, J.F. (2001). "Energetic ion and electron irradiation of the icy Galilean satellites" (PDF). Icarus. 139 (1): 133–159. Bibcode:2001Icar..149..133C. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6498. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Cowley, S.W.H. (2001). "Origin of the main auroral oval in Jupiter's coupled magnetosphere–ionosphere system". Planetary and Space Science. 49 (10–11): 1067–66. Bibcode:2001P&SS...49.1067C. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00167-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Cowley, S.W.H. (2003). "Modulation of Jovian middle magnetosphere currents and auroral precipitation by solar wind-induced compressions and expansions of the magnetosphere: initial response and steady state". Planetary and Space Science. 51 (1): 31–56. Bibcode:2003P&SS...51...31C. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00130-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Drake, F.D. (1959). "Non-thermal microwave radiation from Jupiter". Astronomical Journal. 64: 329. Bibcode:1959AJ.....64S.329D. doi:10.1086/108047. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Elsner, R.F. (2005). "X-ray probes of magnetospheric interactions with Jupiter's auroral zones, the Galilean satellites, and the Io plasma torus" (PDF). Icarus. 178 (2): 417–428. Bibcode:2005Icar..178..417E. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.06.006. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2019-06-19. Dicapai pada 2014-03-14. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Fieseler, P.D. (2002). "The radiation effects on Galileo spacecraft systems at Jupiter" (PDF). Nuclear Science. 49 (6): 2739–58. Bibcode:2002ITNS...49.2739F. doi:10.1109/TNS.2002.805386. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2011-07-19. Dicapai pada 2014-03-14. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Hill, T.W.; Dessler (1995). "Space physics and astronomy converge in exploration of Jupiter's Magnetosphere". Earth in Space. 8 (32): 6. Bibcode:1995EOSTr..76..313H. doi:10.1029/95EO00190. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 1997-05-01. Dicapai pada 2014-03-14. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Hibbitts, C.A. (2000). "Distribution of CO2 and SO2 on the surface of Callisto". Journal of Geophysical Research. 105 (E9): 22, 541–557. Bibcode:2000JGR...10522541H. doi:10.1029/1999JE001101. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Johnson, R.E. (2004). "Radiation Effects on the Surfaces of the Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Dalam Bagenal, F.; dll. (penyunting). Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in:|editor=
(bantuan) - Khurana, K.K. (2004). "The configuration of Jupiter's magnetosphere" (PDF). Dalam Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B. (penyunting). Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Kivelson, M.G. (2005). "The current systems of the Jovian magnetosphere and ionosphere and predictions for Saturn" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. Springer. 116 (1–2): 299–318. Bibcode:2005SSRv..116..299K. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-1959-x.
- Kivelson, M.G. (2004). "Magnetospheric interactions with satellites" (PDF). Dalam Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B. (penyunting). Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Krupp, N. (2004). "Dynamics of the Jovian Magnetosphere" (PDF). Dalam Bagenal, F.; dll. (penyunting). Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in:|editor=
(bantuan) - Krupp, N. (2007). "New surprises in the largest magnetosphere of Our Solar System". Science. 318 (5848): 216–217. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..216K. doi:10.1126/science.1150448. PMID 17932281.
- doi: 10.1007/s11214-005-1960-4
Petikan ini akan disiapkan secara automatik dalam beberapa minit. Anda boleh memotong barisan atau mengembangkannya sendiri - Nichols, J.D. (2006). "Magnetopause reconnection rate estimates for Jupiter's magnetosphere based on interplanetary measurements at ~5 AU". Annales Geophysicae. 24 (1): 393–406. Bibcode:2006AnGeo..24..393N. doi:10.5194/angeo-24-393-2006. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Palier, L.; Prangé, Renée (2001). "More about the structure of the high latitude Jovian aurorae". Planetary and Space Science. 49 (10–11): 1159–73. Bibcode:2001P&SS...49.1159P. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00023-X.
- Russell, C.T. (1993). "Planetary Magnetospheres" (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 56 (6): 687–732. Bibcode:1993RPPh...56..687R. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/56/6/001.
- Russell, C.T. (2001). "The dynamics of planetary magnetospheres". Planetary and Space Science. 49 (10–11): 1005–1030. Bibcode:2001P&SS...49.1005R. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00017-4.
- Russell, C.T. (2008). "The magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn and their lessons for the Earth" (PDF). Advances in Space Research. 41 (8): 1310–18. Bibcode:2008AdSpR..41.1310R. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.07.037. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2012-02-15. Dicapai pada 2014-03-14. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Santos-Costa, D. (2001). "Modeling the inner Jovian electron radiation belt including non-equatorial particles". Planetary and Space Science. 49 (3–4): 303–312. Bibcode:2001P&SS...49..303S. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00151-3. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Smith, E.J. (1974). "The Planetary Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere of Jupiter: Pioneer 10". Journal of Geophysical Research. 79 (25): 3501–13. Bibcode:1974JGR....79.3501S. doi:10.1029/JA079i025p03501. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Troutman, P.A. (28 January 2003). "Revolutionary concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE)". American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings. 654: 821–828. doi:10.1063/1.1541373. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Williams, D.J. (1998). "Properties of Ganymede's magnetosphere as revealed by energetic particle observations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 103 (A8): 17, 523–534. Bibcode:1998JGR...10317523W. doi:10.1029/98JA01370. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Wolverton, M. (2004). The Depths of Space. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09050-6.
- Zarka, P. (1998). "Auroral radio emissions at the outer planets: Observations and theory". Journal of Geophysical Research. 103 (E9): 20, 159–194. Bibcode:1998JGR...10320159Z. doi:10.1029/98JE01323. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Zarka, P. (2005). "Radio wave emissions from the outer planets before Cassini". Space Science Reviews. 116 (1–2): 371–397. Bibcode:2005SSRv..116..371Z. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-1962-2. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan)
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Carr, Thomas D. (1969). "The magnetosphere of Jupiter". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 7 (1): 577–618. Bibcode:1969ARA&A...7..577C. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.07.090169.003045. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Edwards, T.M. (2001). "A note on the vector potential of Connerney et al.'s model of the equatorial current sheet in Jupiter's magnetosphere". Planetary and Space Science. 49 (10–11): 1115–23. Bibcode:2001P&SS...49.1115E. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00164-1. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Gladstone, G.R. (2002). "A pulsating auroral X-ray hot spot on Jupiter". Nature. 415 (6875): 1000–03. Bibcode:2002Natur.415.1000G. doi:10.1038/4151000a. PMID 11875561. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Kivelson, Margaret G. (2002). "Sheared magnetic field structure in Jupiter's dusk magnetosphere: Implications for return currents" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (A7): 1116. Bibcode:2002JGRA..107.1116K. doi:10.1029/2001JA000251. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Kivelson, M.G. (2005). "Transport and acceleration of plasma in the magnetospheres of Earth and Jupiter and expectations for Saturn" (PDF). Advances in Space Research. 36 (11): 2077–89. Bibcode:2005AdSpR..36.2077K. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.104.
- Kivelson, Margaret G. (2003). "First evidence of IMF control of Jovian magnetospheric boundary locations: Cassini and Galileo magnetic field measurements compared" (PDF). Planetary and Space Science. 51 (A7): 891–98. Bibcode:2003P&SS...51..891K. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(03)00075-8. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - McComas, D.J. (2007). "Diverse Plasma Populations and Structures in Jupiter's Magnetotail". Science. 318 (5848): 217–20. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..217M. doi:10.1126/science.1147393. PMID 17932282. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Maclennan, G.G. (2001). "Hot plasma heavy ion abundance in the inner Jovian magnetosphere (<10 Rj)". Planetary and Space Science. 49 (3–4): 275–82. Bibcode:2001P&SS...49..275M. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00148-3. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Russell, C.T. (2001). "The rotation period of Jupiter" (PDF). Geophysics Research Letters. 28 (10): 1911–12. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.1911R. doi:10.1029/2001GL012917. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Zarka, Philippe (2001). "Low-frequency limit of Jovian radio emissions and implications on source locations and Io plasma wake". Planetary and Space Science. 49 (10–11): 1137–49. Bibcode:2001P&SS...49.1137Z. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00021-6. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan)
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Magnetosphere of Jupiter |