Gita Puja Homeros
oleh Homeros | |
Ditulis | s. abad ke-7 SM – s. abad ke-5 TM |
---|---|
Bahasa | Yunani Kuno |
Genre | |
Penerbitan bahasa Melayu | 1624, oleh George Chapman |
Baca dalam talian | Gita Puja Homeros at Wikisource |
Gita Puja Homeros (Bahasa Yunani Kuno: Ὁμηρικοὶ ὕμνοι , Homērikoì húmnoi ) ialah sebuah koleksi tiga puluh tiga buah lagu-lagu pujian dan satu epigram Yunani kuno.[a] Gita-gita puja ini memuji dewa-dewa Yunani dan menceritakan kisah-kisah mitologi, biasanya tentang kelahiran dewa, penerimaan mereka ke dalam kalangan para dewa Gunung Olympus, atau pengasasan pusat pemujaan mereka. Pada zaman dahulu, gita puja ini secara amnya, tetapi bukan semuanya, dikata ditulis oleh seorang penyair bernama Homeros: kesarjanaan moden telah menetapkan bahawa kebanyakan lagu-lagu ini berasal dari abad ke-7 dan ke-6 SM, namun ada yang lebih baru dan yang terbaru, Lagu Pujian kepada Ares, mungkin telah digubah seawal abad ke-5 TM.
Gita Puja Homeros mempunyai persamaan dengan Iliad dan Odysseia dari segi gubahan, kedua-duanya juga tradisionalnya dinukilkan kepada Homeros. Semuanya menggunakan dialek sastera Yunani, digubah dengan heksameter daktil, serta menggunakan frasa-frasa pendek yang diulangi dipanggil formula. Tidak jelas betapa banyaknya penulisan, berbanding dengan penggubahan secara lisan, terlibat dalam penghasilannya. Gita Puja Homeros mungkin asalnya bertindak sebagai pendahuluan kepada deklamasi sajak yang lebih panjang, dan telah dipersembahkan, sekurang-kurangnya pada mulanya, oleh penyanyi dengan kecapi lira atau alat muzik bertali lain. Persembahan gita-gita ini mungkin bertempat di jamuan makan simposium, pesta keagamaan dan istana.
Gita Puja Homeros dirujuk dalam pelbagai puisi Yunani dari sekitar 600 SM; ia nampaknya telah digunakan sebagai teks pendidikan pada awal abad kelima SM, dan telah dikumpulkan ke dalam satu korpus selepas abad ke-3 TM. Pengaruhnya terhadap kesusasteraan dan seni Yunani agak kecil sehinggalah abad ke-3 SM, apabila ia digunakan secara meluas oleh penyair-penyair Iskandariah seperti Callimachus, Theocritus dan Apollonius dari Rhodes. Mereka juga berpengaruh ke atas penyair Rom, seperti Lucretius, Catullus, Virgil, Horace dan Ovid. Pada zaman baharian lewat (s. 200 – s. 600 SM), lagu-lagu pujian ini mempengaruhi kesusasteraan pagan dan Kristian, dan pengumpulannya menjadi korpus mungkin bermula pada zaman ini. Ia boleh dikatakan terabai semasa zaman Byzantium (iaitu, sehingga 1453), tetapi ia tetap disalin dalam manuskrip-manuskrip puisi Homeros; semua manuskrip lagu-lagu pujian ini yang masih ada berasal dari abad ke-15. Ia juga dibaca dan dicontohi secara meluas di Itali abad ke-15, dan secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi lukisan Sandro Botticelli, Kelahiran Venus.
Senarai Gita Puja Homeros
[sunting | sunting sumber]No. | Judul | Didedikasikan kepada | Tarikh | Baris yang terpelihara | Perihal | Ruj. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | "Kepada Dionysus" | Dionysus | s. 650 – s. 600 SM[2] | 21 | Kelahiran Dionysus, dan mungkin juga pengikatan Hera dan kedatangan Dionysus di Olympus[3] | [3] |
2 | "Kepada Demeter" | Demeter | s. lewat abad ke-7 – s. awal abad ke-6 SM[4] | 495 | Penculikan Persephone, percubaan Demeter untuk mengambil dia semula dari Alam Ghaib, dan asal usul pusat pemujaan Demeter di Eleusis | [5] |
3 | "Kepada Apollo"[b] | Apollo | 522 SM[7] | 546 | Asas tempat suci Apollo di Delphi dan Delos: Leto mencari tempat untuk Apollo dilahirkan, dan Apollo mencari tempat untuk ahli nujumnya | [8] |
4 | "Kepada Hermes" | Hermes | s. separuh kedua abad ke-6 SM.[9] | 580 | Tiga hari pertama hidup Hermes: dia menculik lembu Apollo dan membuat kecapi kulit kura-kura | [10] |
5 | "Kepada Aphrodite" | Aphrodite | Tidak diketahui: umumnya dianggap antara yang tertua, dan lebih awal daripada Gita Puja kepada Demeter.[11] Mungkin separuh pertama abad ke-7 SM.[12] | 293 | Cinta Aphrodite terhadap seorang wira manusia bernama Anchises | [13] |
6 | "Kepada Aphrodite" | Aphrodite | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 21 | Kelahiran Aphrodite, perjalanan ke Cyprus, dan pemasukan ke istana para dewa | [15] |
7 | "Kepada Dionysus" | Dionysus | Tidak jelas: ditarikhkan tanpa kepastian s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[16] | 59 | Penangkapan Dionysus oleh lanun dan penukaran mereka menjadi ikan lumba-lumba | [17] |
8 | "Kepada Ares"[c] | Ares | s. 200 – s. 500 TM;[19] juga berhujah seawal abad ke-3 SM[20] | 17 | Senarai julukan Ares dan doa kepadanya untuk keberanian, ketenangan dan kesederhanaan | [21] |
9 | "Kepada Artemis" | Artemis | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 9 | Penerangan ringkas tentang Artemis sebagai pemburu, penari, dan saudara perempuan Apollo | [22] |
10 | "Kepada Aphrodite" | Aphrodite | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 6 | Kecantikan Aphrodite, dan doa kepadanya untuk kecemerlangan muzik | [23] |
11 | "Kepada Athena" | Athena | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 5 | Peranan Athena sebagai dewi perang, dan doa kepadanya untuk nasib baik dan kebahagiaan | [24] |
12 | "Kepada Hera" | Hera | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 5 | Kecantikan dan kehormatan Hera sebagai adik/isteri Zeus | [25] |
13 | "Kepada Demeter" | Demeter | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 3 | Doa Demeter dan Persephone, dan doa kepada Demeter untuk melindungi bandar si penyanyinya | [26] |
14 | "Kepada Ibu Para Dewa" | Rhea atau Cybele | Mungkin abad ke-7 SM[27] | 6 | Sembahan kepada dewi dan perihalan cintanya terhadap bunyi dan muzik | [26] |
15 | "Kepada Heracles yang Berhati Singa" | Heracles | Mungkin abad ke-6 SM[28] | 9 | Biografi ringkas Heracles, termasuk pendewaan dan buruhnya | [29] |
16 | "Kepada Asclepius" | Asclepius | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 5 | Kelahiran dan peranan Asclepius sebagai penyembuh | [30] |
17 | "Kepada Dioscuri"[d] | Castor dan Pollux | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 5 | Pengandungan dan kelahiran Dioscuri | [32] |
18 | "Kepada Hermes"[e] | Hermes | Selepas s. 500 SM, dan lebih terkemudian daripada Gita Puja kepada Apollo, tetapi sebelum s. 470 SM[33] | 12 | Zeus menggoda Maia, ibu Hermes | [32] |
19 | "Kepada Pan" | Pan | Selepas 500 SM,[34] mungkin sebelum 323 SM, dan mungkin tidak lama selepas Gita Puja kepada Hermes[35] | 49 | Pengembaraan Pan melalui hutan dan gunung, pengandungannya, kelahiran dan ketibaannya di Olympus[36] | [37] |
20 | "Kepada Hephaistos" | Hephaistos | s. separuh kedua abad ke-5 SM[38] | 8 | Hephaistos mengajar kraf kepada manusia | [39] |
21 | "Kepada Apollo" | Apollo | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 5 | Apollo sebagai subjek lagu untuk manusia dan haiwan | [40] |
22 | "Kepada Poseidon" | Poseidon | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 7 | Peranan Poseidon sebagai dewa laut, gempa bumi dan kuda | [40] |
23 | "Kepada Zeus" | Zeus | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 4 | Kekuatan dan kebijaksanaan Zeus | [41] |
24 | "Kepada Hestia" | Hestia | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 5 | Jemputan kepada Hestia untuk masuk dan memberkati rumah penyanyi itu | [42] |
25 | "Kepada para Mousai dan Apollo"[f] | Para Mousai dan Apollo | s. lewat abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM, mungkin abad ke-6[22] | 7 | Para Mousai dan Apollo sebagai penaung penyanyi dan pemuzik | [44] |
26 | "Kepada Dionysus" | Dionysus | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 13 | Dionysus dan nimfa: bagaimana nimfa dibesarkan dan kini mengikuti Dionysus | [45] |
27 | "Kepada Artemis" | Artemis | Mungkin sebelum abad ke-5 SM[22] | 22 | Kehebatan Artemis sebagai pemburu, dan sebagai penari di Delphi | [46] |
28 | "Kepada Athena" | Athena | Mungkin sebelum abad ke-5 SM[22] | 18 | Kelahiran Athena dari kepala Zeus | [47] |
29 | "Kepada Hestia" | Hestia | s. abad ke-7 – s. ke-6 SM[14] | 13 | Penghormatan diberikan kepada Hestia dalam jamuan, dan jemputan kepada Hermes dan Hestia untuk mendampingi penyanyi itu | [48] |
30 | "Kepada Gaia, Ibu Sekaliannya" | Gaia | s. 500 – s. 300 SM[22] | 19 | Kelimpahan dan keberkatan Bumi | [49] |
31 | "Kepada Helios" | Helios | s. abad ke-5 SM[38] | 19 | Kelahiran Helios, dan perjalanan menaiki kereta kuda merentasi langit | [50] |
32 | "Kepada Selene" | Selene | s. abad ke-5 SM[38] | 20 | Sinaran Selene dan pengandungan Pandia oleh Selene dengan Zeus | [51] |
33 | "Kepada Dioscuri" | Castor dan Pollux | Mungkin sebelum 600 SM[22] | 19 | Peranan Dioscuri sebagai pelindung manusia, terutamanya pelaut | [52] |
34 | "Kepada Tuan Rumah"[a] | Semua tuan rumah | Tidak diketahui; sebelum 200 TM[54] | 5 | Rayuan kepada semua tuan rumah, mengingatkan mereka tentang kewajipan suci mereka untuk melayan tetamu (xenia) | [55] |
Nota kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]Nota penerangan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Gita Puja kepada Tuan Rumah ialah epigram, bukan gita puja sebenar, kerana ia tidak menyapa apa-apa dewa. Ia diriwayatkan dalam beberapa manuskrip Gita Puja Homeros.[53]
- ^ Kadang-kadang dibahagikan kepada dua: "Gita Puja kepada Apollo Delos" (berakhir sama ada pada baris 178 atau 181) dan "Gita Puja kepada Apollo Pythia".[6]
- ^ Didakwa oleh Martin West sebagai karya ahli falsafah abad ke-5 TM Proclus: anggapan ini kini tidak dianggap sahih dari segi falsafah dan filologi.[18]
- ^ Ringkasan Gita Puja 33.[31]
- ^ Ringkasan Gita Puja 4.[31]
- ^ Puisi cento, digubal daripada baris-baris puisi epik Hesiodos, Theogony.[43]
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Strauss Clay 2016, m/s. 32–34.
- ^ West 2011, m/s. 34.
- ^ a b West 2011.
- ^ Foley 2013, m/s. 30.
- ^ Foley 2013.
- ^ Janko 2007, m/s. xiv, 99, 116.
- ^ Burkert 1979, m/s. 61; Graziosi 2002, m/s. 206; Nagy 2011, m/s. 286–287.
- ^ de Jong 2012, m/s. 41.
- ^ Vergados 2012, m/s. 147.
- ^ Vergados 2012.
- ^ Peels 2015, m/s. 24.
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 10.
- ^ Faulkner 2008; Olson 2012; Rayor 2014, m/s. 75–85; Nagy 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaGenericDateCite
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 279–286.
- ^ Jaillard 2011, note 2.
- ^ Jaillard 2011.
- ^ West 1970; van den Berg 2001, m/s. 6.
- ^ Faulkner 2011b, m/s. 15–16.
- ^ Rayor 2014, m/s. 139.
- ^ West 1970.
- ^ a b c d e f Athanassakis 2004, m/s. 90.
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 291–293.
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 295–296; Powell 2022, m/s. 36.
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 114–115; Tsagalis 2022, m/s. 504.
- ^ a b Pearcy 1989, m/s. 5, 28.
- ^ Dillon 2003, m/s. 155.
- ^ Ogden 2021, m/s. xxvi.
- ^ Allen & Sikes 1904, m/s. 253; Barker & Christensen 2021, m/s. xxvi, 276, 285, 292, 333, 388, 392.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 6, 29.
- ^ a b Pearcy 1989, m/s. 30.
- ^ a b Pearcy 1989, m/s. 6, 30.
- ^ Faulkner 2011b, halaman 15; Richardson 2010, halaman 1 (untuk terminus ante quem).
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 31; Thomas 2011, m/s. 172.
- ^ Thomas 2011, m/s. 172.
- ^ Thomas 2011.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 7–8, 31–34; Thomas 2011.
- ^ a b c Faulkner 2011b, m/s. 16.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 8, 34.
- ^ a b Pearcy 1989, m/s. 8, 35.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 8–9, 36.
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 115–116.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 36–37.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 9, 36–37.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 9, 37.
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 119–120.
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 122–125.
- ^ Olson 2012, m/s. 126–127.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 11–12, 41–42.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 12, 42–43.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 12, 44–45.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. 13, 45–46.
- ^ Pearcy 1989, m/s. iv; Rayor 2014, m/s. 149.
- ^ Athanassakis 2004, m/s. 92.
- ^ Rayor 2014, m/s. 149.
Bibliografi
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