Criminologia

Criminologia est scientia socialis quae ad scelerum causas et formas spectat earumque studet.^[1]

Criminologiae notio primum anno 1885 in "Criminologia," libro Raphaeli Garofalo (1851-1934), adhibita est.

Scientia criminalistica est scientiae usus, ut scelera diluceantur.

Criminologiae nomen de verbis et Latino "crimine" 'accusatione' et Graeco -λογία 'res' derivat. Memento, ut plures linguae extra Latinam hodiernis vocabulum "crimen" in "scelus" convertere solent.

Ex modis morum scelerum faciendorum derivatur theoriae delictorum, qua distinguuntur

• Elementum — sceleris partes
• Subjectum — distinguuntur homines activi et passivi
• Actio — distinguuntur onera sceleris, ut: causa, actio ipsa, eventus, obiectum; etiam absentia actionis mos scelestus "actio" significare potest
• Antiiuridicialitas (neologismus, "contra ius")
• Culpabilitas

Delictum definitur actio "typica," 'extra leges, imputandum, culpabile, velut sanctionem subiecta.^?

Victimologia est scientia victimarum scelerum. Investigat victimae processus, gradus, praevalentia, pericula, velut effectus animi.

• 
  Raphael Garofalo (1851-1934)

• Agnew, Robert. 2005. Why Do Criminals Offend? A General Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
• Barak, Gregg, ed. 1998. Integrative criminology. International Library of Criminology, Criminal Justice & Penology. Aldershot: Ashgate/Dartmouth. ISBN 1-84014-008-9.
• Beccaria, Cesare. 1763–1764. Dei delitti e delle pene.
• Blatier, Catherine. 1998, "The Specialized Jurisdiction: A Better Chance for Minors." International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 115–27.
• Bouchard, Jean-Pierre. 2013. "Can criminology be considered as a discipline in its own right?" L'Evolution Psychiatrique 78: 343–49.
• Briar, S., et I. Piliavin. 1966. "Delinquency, Situational Inducements, and Commitment to Conformity." Social Problems 13 (3).
• Clear, T. R. 2009. Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
• Cohen, A. K. 1965. "The Sociology of the Deviant Act: Anomie Theory and Beyond." American Sociological Review 30.
• Horning, A., et al. 2020. "Risky Business: Harlem Pimps' Work Decisions and Economic Returns." Deviant Behavior 21 (2): 160–85.
• Jaishankar, K., et N. Ronel. 2013. Global Criminology: Crime and Victimization in a Globalized Era. Boca Raton in Florida: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781439892497.
• Katz, J. 1988. Seductions of crime: Moral and sensual attractions in doing evil. Novi Eboraci: Basic Books.
• Pettit, Philip, et John Braithwaite. 1990. Not Just Deserts. A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-824056-3.
• Pontell, Henry, W. K. Black, et G. Geis. 2014. "Too big to fail, too powerful to jail? On the absence of criminal prosecutions after the 2008 financial meltdown." Crime, Law and Social Change 61 (1), 1–13.
• Sampson, Robert J. 2012. Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
• Wolff, Kevin, et M. T. Baglivio. 2017. "Adverse childhood experiences, negative emotionality, and pathways to juvenile recidivism." Crime & Delinquency 63 (12)" 1495–1521.

• Criminologia et scientia criminalistica: quae est differentia? (Anglice)
• Garofalo, Raphael. 1914. Criminology, liber in Anglicum conversus. (Anglice)