Jewish National Fund

 

Jewish National Fund ( , Keren Kayemet LeYisrael; n'oge gara aga הפאנד Metáומי , Ha Fund HaLeumi) bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 1901 iji zụta ma melite ala na Ottoman Syria (mgbe e mesịrị Mandatory Palestine, mgbe e mesịrị Israel na ókèala Palestine) maka obibi ndị Juu.^[1][2][3] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, o nwere 13% nke ala niile dị na Israel.^[4] Kemgbe e bidoro ya, JNF na-ekwu na ọ kụrụ ihe karịrị nde osisi 240 na Israel. O wuru ihe mgbochi mmiri na ọdọ mmiri 180, mepụtara ala 250,000 acres (1,000 km2) ma guzobe ihe karịrị 1,000 ogige ntụrụndụ.^[5]

N'afọ 2002, e nyere JNF Israel Prize maka ihe ịga nke ọma na ndụ na onyinye pụrụ iche nye ọha mmadụ na steeti Israel.^[6][7]

Aha Keren Kayemet sitere na Mishnah. Tractate Peah (1:1) depụtara ụdị ọrụ ọma ndị a na-enweta n'ụwa a, ebe isi uru ga-abụ n'ụwa na-abịa: hakeren kayemet lo l'olam haba.^[8]

Echiche nke ego ala nke mba bụ nke mbụ Hermann Schapira, onye prọfesọ German-Jewish nke ụfọdụ na ike na ada Zionist nke Mbụ na 1897. E ndidi ego, nkenke Keren Hakayemet (nke e mechara mara na Bekee dị ka " Jewish National Fund") na nke Ise nke Zionist na Basel na 1901. N'afọ ndị mbụ ya, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye Juu bụ Johann Kremenezky. A akụkọ ala mbụ na Judia na ala Galili dị ala. N'afọ 1909, JNF keere òkè dị mkpa na ntọala Tel Aviv. Ntọala nke "Olive Tree Fund" ọrụ nke Nkwado Diaspora maka mgbasa ndị na-eme n'oké mkpa. Igbe nchịkọta JNF ma ọ bụ Igbe Blue (nke a mara na Yiddish dị ka pushke) abụwo ndị nke JNF egwuregwu e malitere ya, na--achọpụta anya nri dị n'etiti Israel na Diaspora. N'oge dị n'etiti agha ụwa ahụ, ụbọchị ike ihe dị ka otu nde igbe nchịkọta akụkọ tin ndị a na-acha ọkụ na nke na-acha ọcha n'iche ndị Juu n'ụwa niile. Site na 1902 ruo na anyị awụ 1940, JNF rere stampụ JNF iji nweta ego. N'oge dị ndị na Mee 1948, a na-eji stampụ JNF dị ka stampụ post n'oge mgbanwe site na Palestine gaa Israel.

Akụkụ mbụ nke ala, 200 dunams (0.20 km2) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Hadera, natara dị ka onyinye site n'aka onye ndú Zionist Russia Isaac Leib Goldberg nke Vilnius, na 1903. Ọ ghọrọ ubi oliv.^[9] N'afọ 1904 na 1905, JNF zụrụ ala dị nso n'Oké Osimiri Galili na Ben Shemen. N'afọ 1921, ala JNF ruru 25,000 acres (100 km2), na-arị elu ruo 50,000 acres (200 km2) site na 1927. Na ngwụcha afọ 1935, JNF nwere 89,500 acres (362 km2) nke ala nwere obodo ndị Juu 108.^[10]

N'afọ 1939, 10% nke ndị Juu bi na British Mandate of Palestine biri n'ala JNF. Ihe onwunwe JNF site na njedebe nke oge British Mandate ruru 936 km2.^[11] Ka ọ na-erule 1948, JNF nwere 54% nke ala ndị Juu nwere n'ógbè ahụ, ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị 4% nke ala n'ihe a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka British Mandate of Palestine.^[12][13] Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke steeti, JNF enwetala ngụkọta 936,000 dunams (936 km2; sq mi) ala; 800,000 dunams ọzọ (800 km2; 310 mi) ka ndị otu ndị Juu ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ nwetara.^[14][15] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ JNF n'oge Mandatory nwere njikọ chiri anya na Yossef Weitz, onye isi nke ngalaba ya.

Site na mbido, iwu JNF bụ ịgbazite ala ogologo oge kama ire ya. Na akwụkwọ ikike ya, JNF na-ekwu, sị: "Kemgbe ịzụta ala mbụ na Eretz Israel na mbido afọ 1900 maka na n'aha ndị Juu, JNF jere ozi dị ka onye nlekọta ndị Juu nke ala ahụ, na-amalite ma na-edepụta ọrụ mmepe iji mee ka ndị Juu biri site na ókèala dị n'ebe ugwu ruo na nsọtụ ọzara na Arava dị n'etiti".

Mgbe e guzobere Israel na 1948, gọọmentị malitere ire ala ndị na-anọghị na JNF. Na Jenụwarị 27, 1949, e rere 1,000 km2 nke ala (site na ngụkọta nke ihe dị ka 3,500 km2) na JNF maka ọnụahịa nke IL11 nde. E rere ala 1,000 km2 ọzọ na JNF n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1950. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, a na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere izi ezi nke azụmahịa ndị a mana iwu Israel akwadowo ala JNF.^[16][17][18]

N'afọ 1953, a gbasara JNF ma hazigharịa ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Israel n'okpuru aha Keren Kayemet LeYisrael (JNF-KKL). N'afọ 1960, e wegara nchịkwa nke ala nke JNF-KKL, ma e wezụga mpaghara ọhịa, na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị e guzobere ọhụrụ, Israel Land Administration (ILA). ILA bụ ọrụ ijikwa ihe dị ka 93% nke ala Israel.^[19] A kọwapụtara ala niile ILA na-achịkwa dị ka ala Israel; ọ gụnyere ala nke gọọmentị (ihe dị ka 80%) na ala nke JNF-KKL (ihe dị na 13%).^[20] JNF-KKL natara ikike ịhọpụta 10 n'ime ndị nduzi 22 nke ILA, na-enye ya ikike dị ukwuu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ steeti ahụ.

Mgbe ha lekwasịrị anya n'etiti na n'ebe ugwu nke steeti ahụ na-eto eto, JNF-KKL malitere ịkwado ebe obibi ndị Juu gburugburu ókèala Negev site na 1965. Mgbe Agha Ụbọchị Isii gasịrị na 1967, JNF-KKL malitere ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị Palestine ọhụrụ.^[21]

Akwụkwọ ikike JNF na-akọwapụta iweghachite ala maka ndị Juu dị ka ebumnuche ya bụ isi. N'ime afọ 1980, a kụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60,000 acres (240 km2). E weghachiri ihe karịrị 50,000 acres (200 km2) nke ala ihe ọkụkụ, ma wuo ọtụtụ narị nke okporo ụzọ. Nnyocha banyere nchekwa ala na mmiri na iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri na ọdọ mmiri bịara dịkwuo mkpa n'ihu ụkọ mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.

Ọrụ mmekorita nke JNF na-agụnye itinye aka na International Arid Land Consortium, nke na-enyocha nsogbu na ngwọta pụrụ iche na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na nke semiarid, na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta omume gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide iji melite ogo ndụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ nọ n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ.^[22]

JNF mbụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkụ kara na iweghachite ala. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1935, JNF osisi osisi nde 1.7 n'ebe dị 1,750 acres (7.08 km2) ma ala mmiri mmiri, dị ka ndị dị na Ndagwurugwu Hula. Ihe kpatara agbọ iri ise, JNF safar ihe ụmụaka nde osisi 260 n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ala sere nkụ, nkume, ugwu ugwu ebe ọrụ ugbo agha ebi ego na ihe ize ndụ nke ebe ala dị elu. Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na Ministri Ọrụ Ugbo bụ onye na-achịkwa Israel, JNF na-ahụ maka mmekọ ngwaọrụ njikọ na osisi. N'afọ 2006, JNF bịanyere aka na ịgbazite afã 49 na steeti Israel nke na-enye ikike ụfọdụ hekta 30,000 (300 km2) nke ala Negev maka njikọ nke guzo. A katọrọ JNF maka ebe osisi pine na-enweta nke ala nke na-ahụ mmetụta na ihu igwe, ọzọ ụdị dị ka osisi oliv. Ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na JNF kwesịrị maka elele a, ike ọrụ adị ma ọ bụghị ya. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ JNF si kwuo, isii n'ime osisi iri ọ mgbasa a osisi na ebe JNF dị na Jerusalem ndị ndụ, ọ bụ ebe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị ndụ maka ebe ihe na-ahụ Jerusalem dị elu - ihe ịzụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nwunye 95. Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Israel Maariv dere na ọ ga- osisi ndị ọrụ kwa ụbọchị iji kwe ka ndị njem egwu kụọ n'ụbọchị na-esote, mana JNF gọnahụrụ nke a ma kwuo na ọ ga'ebo akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ ebubo nkwutọ. Union for Environmental Defence akatọwo ike nke ego ahụ maka "ịdabere n'elu pine na-ere ọkụ" na iji ọgwụ herbicides na-egbu egbu eme ihe, n'ihe gbasara obere obere na-akpata nsogbu na eze. A ụfọdụ ụfọdụ maka mgbochi nchekwa na dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka oghere Israel pụta ìhè. Ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ala JNF na-enweta West Bank bụ ndị e weghaara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'aka ndị Palestine gbara ọsọ ndụ, nakwa na JNF ọrụ aka na ala dị na West Bank. Shaul Ephraim Cohen kwuru na a osisi osisi iji Imam ejedo Bedouin. Susan Nathan dere na a mgbasa ozi n'ebe obodo ndị Arab a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ mgbe agha 1948 mma. Nathan dekwara na osisi pine na osisi cypress n'chiri osisi oliv nakwa na iwu JNF na- Sign ihe ndị na-egosi egosi Arab tupu 1948. N'afọ 2008. JNF ga-ede aha obodo ndị Arab dịbu n'ebe ahụ.

Kemgbe afọ 2009, JNF na-enyere ndị Palestinian Authority aka ịhazi ogige ntụrụndụ ọha na eze na ihe ndị ọzọ maka obodo Palestine nke Rawabi, n'ebe ugwu Ramallah. JNF nyere ndị Palestinian Authority mkpụrụ osisi 3,000 maka mpaghara ọhịa a na-emepe na nsọtụ obodo ọhụrụ ahụ.^[23]

Mmiri dị ọcha nke Israel na-adabere na ụbọchị 50 n'afọ nke mmiri ozuzo oge, ebe mmiri ozuzo ejirila okpukpu abụọ kemgbe 1960. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1980, JNF mere ọtụtụ nnukwu ọrụ nchekwa mmiri. E wuru ihe mgbochi mmiri na ọdọ mmiri iji jide mmiri ozuzo nke ga-efu na Ndagwurugwu Arava, Reshafim na Ndagurugwu Beit She'arim na Kedma dị nso na Kiryat Gat. E wuru ọdọ mmiri aka mere na Timna Park.^[24]

JNF ewuola ọdọ mmiri 200 gburugburu mba ahụ, ma na-eme atụmatụ iwu ọdọ mmiri 30 ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha mmiri n'ime afọ ise sochirinụ. [mgbe?^] N'ime afọ iri gara aga, [mgbe?JNF etinyela ihe karịrị $ 114.99 nde na iwu ọdọ mmiri, na-eme ka ikike nchekwa mba ahụ jiri pasent 7 gbasaa, ruo ihe karịrị 130 (34×10^9 ) nke mmiri. JNF na-etinye aka na ọrụ mmezigharị osimiri n'Izrel niile, dị ka Nahal Alexander Restoration Project malitere na 2003.

Ntinye aka JNF na mmepe Israel maka ebumnuche ndị Juu gụnyere ọtụtụ nnukwu ọrụ mmepe ala. N'afọ 1980, JNF malitere ọrụ a maara n'ozuzu ya dị ka "Operation Promised Land", iji zute ihe ịma aka nke mmụba nke ndị Juu si Soviet Union na Ethiopia. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, JNF agafeela ọzọ na mmepe nke obodo iji nabata ndị Juu ọhụrụ, na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara Galili na Negev, mpaghara abụọ nke Israel nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị Juu. Karịsịa, nde dollar 600 nke JNF Blueprint Negev na-ezube ịdọta ma wuo akụrụngwa maka ndị ọhụrụ 250,000 na ọzara Negev, nke mejupụtara 60% nke ala mba ahụ mana ọ ka nwere mmadụ ole na ole.^[25] Atụmatụ ahụ abụrụla nke a nyochara dịka otu ndị dị ka Bustan, Save the Negev, na Ohalah egosila nchegbu maka enweghị nghọta nke ọrụ ahụ n'ihi nrụgide nwere ike ịba na akụ na ụba na mmetụta nwere ike ime na obodo Bedouin dị nso.^{[26][27][28][29]}

Akụkụ United States nke JNF, nke e debanyere aha na Jenụwarị 26, 1926, bụ onye kachasị enye aka na JNF-KKL.^[21] N'afọ 1996, e boro JNF-USA ebubo na ha na-ejighị ego eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. Dị ka ebubo ahụ si kwuo, naanị 21% nke onyinye US rutere Israel, a na-ejikwa ego gaa n'ọfịs JNF nke Latin America. N'ihi ihe ihere a, a manyere ndị nlekọta North America ịhapụ ọrụ.^[30] A mara ọnọdụ nnwere onwe ụtụ isi nke JNF-USA aka na 2011 dị ka imebi iwu ọha na eze nke United States gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na okpukpe.^[31] N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, na nzaghachi nye nyocha nke Jewish Daily Forward, ụlọ ọrụ onye ọka iwu ukwu nke New York State nyere JNF-USA iwu ka ọ kagbuo ego abụọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke karịrị $ 500,000 nke nzukọ ahụ nyere onye isi ya, Russell Robinson, na onye isi ego ya, Mitchel Rosenzweig. (New York State machibidoro ọrụ ebere ịgbazinye ndị ọrụ ha ego ọ bụla.) JNF-USA kwuru na Robinson na Rosenzweig abụghị ndị ọrụ n'okpuru nkọwa nke iwu, mana onye ọrụ onye ọka iwu ahụ jụrụ arụmụka ahụ ma ndị isi abụọ ahụ kwetara ịkwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ ha.^[32]

Na United Kingdom, e guzobere JNF-UK (aha zuru ezu JNF Charitable Trust) na 1939 ma debanye aha dị ka òtù ọrụ ebere.^[33] N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2005, JNF-KKL dị na Israel kewara na onye mmekọ ya bụ onye Britain, na-ebo JNF-UK ebubo na ha "eduhie" ọha na eze.^[34] JNF-KKL kwuru na otu ndị Britain na-eji aha KKL enweta ego "maka ihe ha na-enweghị njikọ na KKL". Israel JNF-KKL kwuru na ọ ga-amalite ọrụ nchịkọta ego dị iche na UK. JNF-UK malitere usoro iwu iji kwụsị KKL iji aha "JNF" ma ọ bụ "Jewish National Fund" na UK. Òtù abụọ ahụ mere udo mgbe onye ọchụnta ego a mụrụ n'Izrel bụ Samuel Hayek weghaara dịka onyeisi oche JNF-UK n'afọ 2008.^[35] Israel JNF-KKL kwụsịrị esemokwu ya na JNF-UK n'ime izu ole na ole nke ịkwụsị esemokwu yiri nke ahụ na American JNF-USA Na 1 Mee 2020 e nyere JNF mkpebi na ọrụ ederede na-agba ndị agadi ume ịhapụ ego na KKL.^[36] Onye ọka ikpe Geddes kwuru na KKL enweghị nnwere onwe site na JNF UK.^[37]

Ọnọdụ ọrụ ebere nke JNF-UK abụrụla n'okpuru mwakpo na-arịwanye elu.^[38] Ndị praịm minista Britain Tony Blair na Gordon Brown bụ ndị nkwado nsọpụrụ nke JNF-UK, dị ka ndị praịm Minista Britain niile bu ha ụzọ kemgbe e bidoro ya. David Cameron gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye nkwado nsọpụrụ na JNF-UK na 2011.^[39] Dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ya si kwuo, Cameron kwuru na ọ bụ nzukọ nke lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ n'otu mba - ya bụ, Israel.^[40] A kọwara mkpebi Cameron dị ka onye na-eleghara anya, n'agbanyeghị mmesi obi ike nke ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ya na mkpebi ya "enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na mkpọsa ọ bụla na-emegide Israel". Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme mkpọsa kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ọ gbara arụkwaghịm.^[41] Kemgbe ahụ, ndị JNF-UK's Honorary Patrons anaghị agụnye onye ndú nke ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Britain. Otu Early Day Motion na ndị omeiwu Britain kpọrọ oku ka a kagbuo ọnọdụ ọrụ ebere nke JNF na UK ma ndị omeiwu 66 bịanyere aka na ya.^[42][43] N'afọ 2012, ndị Green Party kpọrọ oku ka ewepụ JNF ọnọdụ ọrụ ebere ya.^[44]

Na 2 Disemba 2021, Onye isi oche JNF-UK Samuel Hayek gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na Jerusalem Post ebe o kwuputara nchegbu banyere ịrị elu nke antisemitism na UK, na-ekwu na "n'ime afọ 10, ikekwe obere, onye maara, ndị Juu agaghị enwe ike. biri na UK". Mgbe ndị Juu News jụrụ ụbọchị 18 ka e mesịrị ka ọ dokwuo anya echiche ya, Hayek kwuru na ihe àmà ahụ dị na "ọnụọgụ ndị kwabatara England. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọha mmadụ Britain na-agbanwe agbanwe". Mgbe a jụrụ ya ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụrụ na ndị si mba ọzọ ọ na-ezo aka na ya bụ ndị Alakụba, Hayek kwadoro nke a, ma gaa n'ihu na-ekwu na ndị Alakụba kwabatara "anaghị asụ Bekee [ma] mepụta ghettos nke onwe ha, agụmakwụkwọ nke onwe ha, usoro echiche nke ha" . Hayek pụtara na-ekwughachi echiche ndị metụtara njikọ chiri anya n'echiche nnukwu nnọchi anya mgbe ọ gara n'ihu, "usoro a bụ na ọtụtụ Ndị Kraịst na-acha ọcha na-ebelata. Ọ na-agbada ruo n'ókè ebe enwere ebe ọ nweghị ike ichebe onwe ya ọzọ." Ndị isi nke Board of Deputies (BoD), ndị Juu Leadership Council na Community Security Trust niile katọrọ okwu Hayek, dị ka Chief Rabbi kwuru, ebe onye omeiwu Juu Alex Sobel kpọrọ oku ka Hayek arụkwaghịm dị ka oche nke JNF UK, ma ọ bụ ikewapụ nke ndị Juu. JNF UK sitere na otu obodo ebe Hayek ka nọ n'ọkwa ya. Na 4 Jenụwarị 2022 akwụkwọ ozi nke ndị nnọchi anya BoD 46 bịanyere aka na ya kpọrọ Hayek ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm, na-ekwu na ha ga-aga n'ihu na-enye ndị ụlọ nzukọ ndụmọdụ ka ha ghara isonye, kwado ma ọ bụ kwadoo JNF-UK ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ nọ n'oche. Na 10 Jenụwarị 2022 akwụkwọ ozi ọzọ nke ndị isi ụmụ akwụkwọ Juu 105 bịanyere aka na ya kwụsịtụ mmemme niile JNF UK na-eme yana kwụsịtụ otu JNF na BoD. Na 13 Jenụwarị 2022 Charity Commission maka England na Wales meghere ikpe nchịkwa na JNF UK iji nyochaa nchegbu.

N'abụ iri abụọ na atọ n'ọpụpụ n'afọ 2021, mgbe ahụ BoD senior VP na JNF-UK vice Gary Mond katọrọ okwu Hayek, kwuru na ha ihe ngosi anya JNF- UK ma kwado akwụkwọ ya na UK "bụ otu n'ime ebe mkparịta ụka mma n'ụwa ịbụ ndị Juu", na ndị Juu Britain "nwere nnukwu ihe ngosi na UK". Na 12 January, Jewish News na otu isiokwu na-ekwu na ha emeela ka BoD mara na ndị mere ihe mere eme nke mgbasa ozi ebe Mond yiri ka ọ na- ịgba nkwado maka mgbapụta Islamophobic, ndị "ịmami" ozi abụọ nke Pamela Geller, onye America na-eme ihe ike, England na-enweta na UK, otu ozi na-ekwuputa "nchegbu" ya maka ụmụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị omeiwu nri na nke ọzọ na-atụ aro na mgbaanya "na-alụ agha" na Islam. Na nzaghachi, BoD gwara Mond ka ọ lara n'iyi mgbe nsogbu na-ewere ọnọdụ. Mond gbara arụkwaghịm na BoD n'ụbọchị na-esote, na-azọrọ na "a kagbuola" ya ma na-ebo ndị isi Board ebubo na ha na- adabere n'aka ekpe alụso ma na-achọghị esemokwu dị iche iche echiche.

Hayek jụrụ ịhapụ ọrụ, na 21 Jenụwarị o dere otu op-ed na The Jewish Chronicle na-ekwu na ọ kwụsiri ike n'okwu ya na The Jerusalem Post mana ọ "abụghị megide ndị ka nta ma ọ bụ megide ndị Alakụba na UK ma ọ bụ Europe, kama megide onye ọ bụla na-agbasa ịkpọasị nke na-emerụ ndị Juu ahụ" nakwa na okwu ya gara aga "ezighi ezi".^[45]

N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2022, BoD vootu ịkatọ JNF-UK maka ọdịda nke ndị nlekọta ya ịkatọ okwu Hayek.^[46]

Mgbe Agha Ụbọchị Isii gasịrị, aka Canada nke JNF nwetara ihe dị ka $ 15 nde US iji kwado ogige ntụrụndụ 1,700-acre a na-akpọ "Canada Park". E wuru ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na 1970 n'ala nke obodo Palestine atọ bi ruo mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, nke e bibiri na iwu Yitzhak Rabin.^[47] Malite n'ihe dị ka afọ 2013, Independent Jewish Voices emeela mkpọsa megide ọnọdụ ọrụ ebere nke JNF Canada, na 2017 ọ tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa na gọọmentị Canada na-achọ iwepụ ọnọdụ ọrụ ebere JNF na-adabere na ịkpa ókè.^[48]

JNF kesara igbe ọrụ ebere na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke JNF ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ site na mmalite ya na atụmatụ nke Johann Kremenezky.^[49] Ozugbo a hụrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị Juu, igbe ndị ahụ ghọrọ otu n'ime ihe nnọchianya ndị a ma ama nke Zionism. Abụ ụmụaka banyere igbe ahụ, nke Dr. Yehoshua Frizman, onye isi nke Real Gymnasium for Girls na Kovno, dere, gbara ọsọ   Otu onye na-edeba aha ya bụ Haim Kleinman na Nadvorna, Galicia tinyere igbe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke a na-akpọ "Keren Le'umit" n'ọfịs ya ma gbaa ndị ọzọ ume ime otu ihe ahụ. E kesara igbe mbụ e mepụtara n'ìgwè na 1904.^[50] Kleinman gara Mandate Palestine na 1930s ma mee atụmatụ ime aliyah, mana ọ nwụrụ na Holocaust.^[50] Menahem Ussishkin dere na "Mkpụrụ ego nwatakịrị ahụ na-enye ma ọ bụ na-anakọta maka mgbapụta nke ala ahụ adịghị mkpa n'onwe ya; ọ bụghị nwatakịrị na-enye Keren Kayemeth, kama ọ bụ ego na-enye nwatakịrị, ebe a na-eguzo na ebe dị elu maka ụbọchị niile nke ndụ ya. "^[50]

Igbe ndị ahụ nwere ike ịnwe ọdịdị na nha dịgasị iche iche. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ akwụkwọ e mere ka ha dị larịị dị ka envelopu ma nwee ike ịnwe naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke mkpụrụ ego, ụfọdụ igbe ndị America mbụ bụ cylindrical, ụfọdụ igbe German e ji tin mee ka ha bụrụ ụdị akwụkwọ ndị e kere eke.^[50]

Israel wepụtara stampụ ndị nwere onyinyo nke igbe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na 1983, 1991, na 1993 maka ncheta afọ 90 nke JNF.^[50]

T'ruah egosila nchegbu na JNF anaghị eme ihe doro anya banyere ebe ego ha na-aga nakwa na nzukọ ahụ nwere ike ịkwado ọrụ na West Bank settlements.^[51] Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara kweta na JNF na-akwado ọrụ n'ime ebe obibi.^[52] Nnyocha nke itinye ụtụ isi ha site na 2014 mere ka Rabbi Jill Jacobs nke T'ruah mee atụmatụ na ihe dị ka $ 600,000 nke nde $ 27.2 na enyemaka nke JNF-USA gara ịkwado nkwekọrịta.^[53] N'afọ 2021, JNF kwupụtara na ọ ga-agbanwe iwu ya ma kwado ebe obibi ndị Israel na West Bank.^[54][55] Otú ọ dị, a na-egbu oge ịtụ vootu dị mkpa nke bọọdụ ahụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'ọnwa Eprel mgbe mmegide sitere n'aka ndị otu na ndị na-akwado ya na mba ọzọ.^[56]

Ndị omeiwu Israel achọtala, n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, ikwe ka onye na-ahụ maka steeti nyochaa akwụkwọ nke nzukọ ahụ iji chọpụta ma a na-emefu ego nke otu ahụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.^[57]

JNF kwuru na ọ bụ naanị ndị Juu nwere ike ịzụta, ịgbazite ma ọ bụ ịgbazite ala JNF. Nkeji edemede 23 nke nkwekọrịta JNF na-ekwu na onye na-akwụ ụgwọ ga-akwụ ụgwọ na JNF ma ọ bụrụ na emebie nkwekọrịta a.^[58] N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2004, Adalah, otu nzukọ na ụlọ ọrụ iwu maka ikike ndị Arab pere mpe n'Izrel, tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke akpọrọ "Mmachibido iwu maka ụmụ amaala Arab nke Israel ibi na ala ndị Juu.^[59] N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Association for Civil Rights in Israel na Arab Center for Alternative Planning tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na-ama iwu ILA aka dị ka ịkpa ókè.^[60] JNF zaghachiri arịrịọ abụọ ahụ na 9 Disemba. Na nzaghachi ya, JNF kwuru, sị:  

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2005, onye ọka iwu Israel bụ Menachem Mazuz kpebiri na mgbochi ịgbazite mebiri iwu ndị Israel na-emegide ịkpa ókè, nakwa na ILA enweghị ike ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ amaala Arab nke Israel na ahịa na nkesa nke ala ọ na-achịkwa; nke a metụtara ma ala gọọmentị ma ala nke JNF. Otú ọ dị, Attorney General kpebikwara na, mgbe ọ bụla nwa amaala na-abụghị onye Juu meriri ILA maka ogige nke ala JNF, ILA ga-akwụ JNF ụgwọ otu ala. Nke a ga-eme ka JNF nọgide na-enwe ihe karịrị 2,500,000 dunams (2,500 km2) nke ala, ma ọ bụ 13% nke ala niile dị na Israel.

N'ihi mkpebi Mazuz, ndị ọchịchị hụrụ onwe ha na-eche nsogbu ihu: n'otu akụkụ, JNF, dị ka nzukọ "onwe", natara onyinye sitere na mpụga Israel nke e wepụtara maka abamuru nke ndị Juu; n'aka nke ọzọ, steeti na ILA (ụlọ ọrụ steeti), nke na-elekọta ala nke JNF, machibidoro ịkpa ókè megide ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu. Na mbido afọ 2005, a kọrọ na JNF na Ministri Ego na-anwa idepụta nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ nke ga-ekewapụ JNF na steeti, si otú ahụ na-enye ya ohere ịga n'ihu na-ere ala naanị ndị Juu.^[61]

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2007, Knesset nke Israel kwadoro iwu Jewish National Fund Bill, nke MK Uri Ariel (National Union / National Religious Party) nyere, na ọgụgụ mbụ ya; mana e mechara wepụ iwu ahụ. Iwu ahụ chọrọ inye ikike n'omume JNF nke ịjụ ịgbazite ala nye ụmụ amaala Arab.^[62] Iwu ahụ kpọrọ oku maka ndokwa ọhụrụ na Iwu Nchịkwa Ala nke Israel nke 1960, nke akpọrọ "Nchịkwa nke Ala nke Jewish National Fund"; ndokwa ahụ kwuru na n'agbanyeghị mkpebi ndị ọzọ na-emegiderịta onwe ha, ịgbazite ala JNF maka obibi ndị Juu abụghị ịkpa ókè, na: "N'ihi ebumnuche nke iwu ọ bụla, a ga-akọwa akwụkwọ njikọ nke Jewish National Foundation dịka mkpebi nke ndị guzobere Jewish National Fund si dị na echiche nke ndị Zionist".

N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2007, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nụrụ mkpesa ọzọ nke Adalah na-achọ ịkagbu iwu ILA yana Nkeji edemede 27 nke Iwu nke Ọrụ nke Tenders, nke na-egbochi ụmụ amaala Arab isonye na bid maka ala JNF na-achịkwa. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwetara igbu oge ikpe site na ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa anọ, e wee nweta nkwekọrịta nwa oge (na-agbaso nkwekọrịta nke Menachem Mazuz tụpụtara na 2005) ebe, ọ bụ ezie na a ga-egbochi JNF ịkpa ókè n'ihi agbụrụ, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, oge ọ bụla a na-ere ala nye onye na-abụghị ndị Juu, ILA ga-akwụghachi ya ụgwọ ya na ala hà nhata, si otú a hụ na ngụkọta nke ala ndị Juu Israel nwere ka bụ otu.^[4]

Atụmatụ ọzọ nke Amnon Rubinstein, onye bụbu minista, nyere aro ka e mee ọdịiche n'etiti ala JNF na ala steeti, nke mere na ala JNF niile e nwetara site na onyinye sitere na mba ọzọ kpọmkwem maka abamuru nke ndị Juu (ihe dị ka 900,000 dunams (900 km2)) ga-agafe na njikwa nke JNF; ebe ihe onwunwe ndị JNF zụrụ site na steeti na 1950s na nke bụbu nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Palestine (nke a na-akpọ "ala nke ndị na-efu efu" ma ọ bụ "ala" ga-anọghị" ga-achịkwa 2,000,000 km2) ga-achị.^[63] Ebumnuche Rubinstein bụ "izere ịhapụ iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ [dị ka Ariel Bill] nke ga-egbochi ndị Juu iji ala ndị a eme ihe". Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ gọnahụrụ na Ariel Bill bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.^[64] A nabataghị aro Rubinstein.

Na ngwụcha afọ 2007, a tụụrụ aro nkwekọrịta mgbanwe ala nke ga-enye ohere ka JNF gaa n'ihu na-enye naanị ndị Juu ala ya. Ala Urban JNF rere n'ọdịnihu nye ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu ga-agụnye usoro mgbanwe na-akpaghị aka: ego ahụ ga-ebufe ala ahụ na ILA, na mgbanwe ga-enweta ọnụahịa ịzụta tinyere ogige yiri ya na Negev.^[65]

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2011, Seth Morrison gbara arụkwaghịm na bọọdụ JNF-USA iji mee mkpesa maka mkpebi nke Himnuta, onye enyemaka nke JNF-KKL, ịmalite usoro ịchụpụ ezinụlọ Sumarin, ndị bi na Silwan nke East Jerusalem.^[66] N'ihe banyere ezinụlọ Sumarin, a kwupụtara ụmụ nke onye nwe ya, Musa Sumarin, na-anọghị mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'agbanyeghị na e nwere ndị ọzọ bi n'ụlọ ahụ n'oge ahụ. N'afọ 1991, gọọmentị Israel mere ihe iji nyefee ihe onwunwe ahụ na JNF.^[67] Ndị rabaị maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, Sheikh Jarrah Solidarity Movement, na nzukọ ndị Juu Yachad malitere mkpọsa megide nchụpụ JNF.^[68][69] Mmetụta ahụ mere ka JNF gbuo oge nchụpụ ahụ.^[68] JNF rụrụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ n'ịchụpụ ezinụlọ Gozlan na 1990s.^[70]

• Central Zionist Archives na Jerusalem. Nchịkọta nke Jewish National Fund (KKL1-KKL17)
• Nchịkwa Ala nke Israel
• Israel Land Authority
• Ihe nrite Jewish National Fund Tree of Life
• Ndepụta nke oké ọhịa na Israel
• Ndepụta nke ndị natara Israel Prize
• Òtù Na-achị Ndị Juu na Palestine

Àtụ:Zionism

• Media related to Jewish National Fund at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website (in English)
• Alaka United States
• JNF-USA v. KKL-JNF na Israel
• Ntuziaka maka Jewish National Fund Records na Hadassah Archives on Long-term Deposit at the American Jewish Historical Society
• Central Zionist Archives na Jerusalem. Nchịkọta nke Jewish National Fund.
• Ikpe nke Adalah megide KKL-JNF
• Intelligent Giving profaịlụ nke JNF Charitable Trust (UK) E debere Wayback Machine - Rịba ama na JNF-CT (UK) anaghịzi enwe njikọ na KKL-JNF
• Joel H. Golovensky na Ariel Gilboa, "Ala A Ka bụ Ala Anyị? The Expropriation of Zionism", Azure 36 (Spring 2009).
• Ameinu dere na-emegide iwu JNF 2007
• Nchịkọta nke ihe ngosi nke Jewish National Fund
• Erez Israel (B70), akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Jewish National Fund, digitized na Leo Baeck Institute, New York (n'asụsụ German)

1. ↑ Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev."
2. ↑ Rebecca Spence."
3. ↑ Joshua Feldman, The Yemenite Jews, London 1913, p. 32
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} Pfeffer. "High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non-Jews", Haaretz, 2007-09-24. Retrieved on 2007-12-20.
5. ↑ Jewish National Fund - Plant Trees in Israel. jnf.org. Archived from the original on 2008-08-06.
6. ↑ Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient's C.V..
7. ↑ Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipient.
8. ↑ Keren Kayemet
9. ↑ Zvi Shilony, Ideology and Settlement; The Jewish National Fund, 1897-1914, Magnes Press (1998), 119-121.
10. ↑ "100 colonies founded", The New York Times.
11. ↑ Walter Lehn, The Jewish National Fund, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 3, No. 4.
12. ↑ Donald H. Akenson.
13. ↑ Dan Leon."
14. ↑ Tal (2002-08-01). Pollution in a Promised Land: An Environmental History of Israel (in en). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520936492. 
15. ↑ Metzer (1998-06-13). The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine (in en). Cambridge University Press, 92. ISBN 9780521465502. 
16. ↑ A. Golan.
17. ↑ A. Barkat. "Buying the State of Israel", Haaretz, February 10, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
18. ↑ M. Benvenisti. "With all due respect for the 'blue box'", Haaretz, May 29, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
19. ↑ Israel Land Authority. Mmi.gov.il (2006-01-03). Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved on 2013-08-11.
20. ↑ David Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990), pp. 60—61.
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.1} JNF-USA website. Retrieved on 2011-12-26.
22. ↑ The International Arid Lands Consortium – Joint Research Efforts: FCD Conference. Jewish National Fund. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007.
23. ↑ Building Peace Without Obama's Interference. Online.wsj.com (2009-12-02). Retrieved on 2013-08-11.
24. ↑ JNF history. Jnf.org. Archived from the original on 2013-07-20. Retrieved on 2013-08-11.
25. ↑ Jewish National Fund – Plant Trees in Israel. jnf.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29.
26. ↑ Daniel Orenstein and Steven Hamburg."
27. ↑ Rebecca Manski.
28. ↑ Ohalah resolution. Neohasid.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-11.
29. ↑ Neohasid's Save the Negev Campaign. Neohasid.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-11.
30. ↑ Alon Tal.
31. ↑ Jewish National Fund Challenged on Discrimination - News. The Forward (20 April 2011).
32. ↑ Nathan-Kazis. "EXCLUSIVE: Iconic Jewish Charity Illegally Loaned $500K To CEO, Regulators Say", Jewish Daily Forward, 27 July 2017. Retrieved on 28 July 2017.
33. ↑ JNF-UK website. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved on 2011-12-26.
34. ↑ Rocker. "KKL splits from JNF in Britain", The Jewish Chronicle, 19 October 2005.
35. ↑ Rocker. "JNF settles £700,000 Sherling dispute", The Jewish Chronicle, 28 October 2010. Retrieved on 26 December 2011.
36. ↑ Anshel Pfeffer. "JNF deal ends dispute in Israel, U.S., U.K.", Haaretz, 2008-11-18. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
37. ↑ KKL Executor & Trustee Company Ltd v Harrison [2020 EWCOP 25 (01 May 2020)]. www.bailii.org. Retrieved on 2022-01-16.
38. ↑ 'Stop the JNF' campaign relaunched.
39. ↑ Cameron leaves the JNF.
40. ↑ Cameron's JNF split: it was Israel.
41. ↑ Sherwood. "David Cameron resigns as patron of the Jewish National Fund", The Guardian, 29 May 2011. Retrieved on 31 May 2011.
42. ↑ Early day motion 1677 - Jewish National Fund. UK Parliament. Retrieved on 2012-01-12.
43. ↑ Simon Rocker. "Anti-JNF move fails", The Jewish Chronicle, 2011-10-27. Retrieved on 2012-01-12.
44. ↑ Marcus Dysch. "Greens denounce JNF as 'racist' and colonial", The Jewish Chronicle, 2012-03-01. Retrieved on 2012-03-03.
45. ↑ I have always fought prejudice and bigotry. www.thejc.com. Retrieved on 2022-01-24.
46. ↑ Harpin. JNF UK censured by Board of Deputies over chair's 'bigoted remarks' about Muslims (en-US). www.jewishnews.co.uk. Retrieved on 2022-01-24.
47. ↑ Cook. "Canadian ambassador honoured at illegal park", The National, 18 June 2009. Retrieved on 25 January 2021.
48. ↑ Lam (23 January 2021). Independent Jewish Voices 'Stop JNF Canada' Campaign calls to cease colonization of Palestinian Land. The Canada Files. Retrieved on 25 January 2021.
49. ↑ John Kremenezky and the Treasures of Zionist History.
50. ↑ ^{50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4} Moshe Kol-Kalman, The Blue Box, The Israel Philatelist, June 2009, Vol LX, No. 3, p. 116-7.
51. ↑ Nussbaum Cohen. "U.S. Jewish Group Goes After JNF Over West Bank Donations".
52. ↑ Glanz. "Solar Project Pairs Muslims and Jews to Aid West Bank Farmers", The New York Times, May 14, 2016.
53. ↑ "Jewish National Fund finally releases list of grantees in Israeli West Bank settlements", Haaretz.
54. ↑ "JNF's Israel-based board votes to allocate funding for West Bank land purchases", Haaretz. Retrieved on 2021-02-25. (in en)
55. ↑ Jewish National Fund expands settlement influence towards West Bank – Middle East Monitor (en-GB) (18 February 2021). Retrieved on 2021-02-20.
56. ↑ Magid. Amid growing outcry, KKL-JNF delays controversial vote on buying West Bank land. www.timesofisrael.com.
57. ↑ Sterman. "Ministers shoot down bill for JNF transparency".
58. ↑ Lehn, W. 'The Jewish National Fund', in The Journal of Palestine Studies Vol:3(4) (1974)
59. ↑ Supreme Court Petition: H.C. 9205/04, Adalah v.
60. ↑ H.C. 9010/04, The Arab Center for Alternative Planning, et al. v.
61. ↑ JNF, treasury seek formula for continued Jews-only land sales.
62. ↑ Yoav Stern and Shahar Ilan. "Bill allocating JNF land to Jews only passes preliminary reading", Haaretz, July 19, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
63. ↑ Amiram Barkat. "Ex-minister Rubinstein: State should reclaim land given to JNF", Haaretz, 2007-07-07. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
64. ↑ Yitzhak Bam. "A Mazuz bypass law", Haaretz, 2007-07-26. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
65. ↑ Shahar Ilan. "Deal would have state, JNF swap 60,000 dunams", Haaretz, 2007-10-30. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
66. ↑ Haaretz and Nir Hasson. "JNF board member resigns to protest eviction of East Jerusalem Palestinian family", Haaretz, 2011-12-14. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
67. ↑ Nir Hasson. "Palestinian family given two weeks to vacate East Jerusalem home", Haaretz, 2011-11-11. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
68. ↑ ^{68.0 68.1} Nir Hasson. "JNF delays eviction of Palestinian family from East Jerusalem home", Haaretz, 2011-11-27. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
69. ↑ Hannah Weisfeld. "Eviction assaults Israel's values", Jewish Chronicle, 2011-12-09. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
70. ↑ JNF Seeks to Reclaim Property by Evicting a Palestinian Family (July 24, 1998).