Bahasa Newar
Bahasa Newar (नेपाल भाषा, secara endonim disebut Nepal Bhasa atau Newah Bhaye)[6] adalah salah satu bahasa yang dituturkan di lembah Kathmandu, Nepal dan merupakan salah satu dari 500 bahasa dalam rumpun Sino-Tibet di dunia. Nepal Bhasa adalah satu-satunya bahasa Tibet-Burma yang ditulis dengan aksara Dewanagari.[7]
Dialek dan pengaruh
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dalam Nepal Bhasa ada lima dialek utama: Yen-Yala, Khwapa, Pahari, Dolakha dan Chitlang. Selain kelima dialek ini, ada pula beberapa sub-dialek yang digunakan di lembah Kathmandu dan bagian-bagian lain dari Nepal. Sub-dialek ini digunakan di desa-desa sekitar Kathmandu, Patan, Bhaktapur, Chitlang dan Dolakha. Dialek yang digunakan di Bandipur adalah bentuk yang tertua dari Khwapa Bhaaye. Dialek yang digunakan di Chainpur, Bhojpur, Terathum, Palapa berhubungan dengan yang di Kathmandu dan Patan. Dialek yang digunakan di Ridi, Baglung, Arughat lebih dekat dengan Bhaktapur.[8]
Beberapa ungkapan dan istilah yang umum
[sunting | sunting sumber]| Bahasa Indonesia | Devanagari | Huruf Latin |
|---|---|---|
| Hallo | ज्वजलपा | Jwajalapa |
| Siapa nama Saudara? | छिगु नां छु खः ? | Chhigu naam chhu kha? |
| Nama saya ___ | जिगु नां ___ खः | Jigu naam ___ kha |
| Selamat Tahun Baru | न्हूदँया भितुना | Nhugu dan yaa bhintunaa |
| Ibu | मां | Maa |
| Ayah | अबु | Abu |
| Nenek | अजी | Ajee |
| Kakek | अजा | Ajaa |
| Teman | पासा | Tempal |
| Organisasi | गुठी | Guthi |
| Rumah | छें | Chhen |
| Manusia | मनु | Manu |
| Obat | वास | Waasa |
| Berita | बुखं | Bukhan |
| Tarian | प्याखं | Pyakhan |
| Panggung | दबली | Dabalee |
| Istana | लायकू | Layaku |
| akshara | आखर | Akhara |
| Toko | पसल | Pasa/Pasal |
| Halaman | चूक | Chooka |
| Otak | न्ह्यपु | Nhepu |
| Hati | नुगः | Nugah |
| Air | लः / ना | Lah / Naa |
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Newar at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "subrumpun: Newar". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ "Bahasa Newar". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ Genetti, Carol (2007). A Grammar of Dolakha Newar. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 10. ISBN 978-3-11-019303-9.
some people in the Newar community, including some prominent Newar linguists, consider the derivational suffix -i found in the term Newari to constitute an 'Indianization' of the language name. These people thus hold the opinion that the term Newari is non-respectful of Newar culture.
- ^ Bajracharya, Srizu. "After being largely replaced by Devanagari, Nepal Bhasa scripts are making a comeback". The Kathmandu Post. Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021.
- ^ Kansakar, Tej R. 2011. A sociolinguistic survey of Newar / Nepal Bhasa. Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bendix, E. (1974) ‘Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman contact as seen through Nepali and Newari verb tenses’, International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 3.1: 42–59.
- —— (1992) ‘The grammaticalization of responsibility and evidence: the interactional potential of evidential categories in Newari’, in J. Hill and J.T. Irvine (eds) Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Driem, G. van (1993) ‘The Newar verb in Tibeto-Burman perspective’, Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 26: 23–43.
- Genetti, C. (1988) ‘A syntactic correlate of topicality in Newari narrative’, in S. Thompson and J. Haiman (eds) Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- —— (1994) ‘A descriptive and historical account of the Dolakha Newari dialect’, Monumenta Serindica 24, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
- Hale, A. (1973) ‘On the form of the verbal basis in Newari’, in Braj Kachru et al. (eds) Issues in Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Henry and Renee Kahane, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
- —— (1980) ‘Person markers: finite conjunct and disjunct forms in Newari’, in R. Trail (ed.) Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 (Pacific Linguistics Series A, no. 53), Canberra: Australian National University.
- —— (1985) ‘Noun phrase form and cohesive function in Newari’, in U. Piepel and G. Stickel (eds.) Studia Linguistica Diachronica et Synchronica, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- —— (1986) ‘Users’ guide to the Newari dictionary’, in T. Manandhar (ed.) Newari–English Dictionary, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
- —— (1994) ‘Entailed kin reference and Newari -mha’, paper presented to the 27th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Paris, France.
- Hale, A. and Mahandhar, T. (1980) ‘Case and role in Newari’, in R. Trail (ed.) Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 (Pacific Linguistics Series A, no. 53), Canberra: Australian National University.
- Hargreaves, D. (1986) ‘Independent verbs and auxiliary functions in Newari’ Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 12: 401–12.
- —— (1991) ‘The conceptual structure of intentional action: data from Kathmandu Newari’, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 17: 379–89.
- —— (1996) ‘From interrogation to topicalization: PTB *la in Kathmandu Newar’, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 19.2: 31–44.
- Hargreaves, David (2014-11-13). "Review: Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā)". Himalayan Linguistics. 1 (2). doi:10.5070/h91224531
. ISSN 1544-7502. - Jørgenson, H. (1931) ‘A dictionary of the Classical Newari’, Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 23.1.
- —— (1941) ‘A grammar of the Classical Newari’, Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 27.3.
- Jos, L. K. (1992) [NS 1112] ‘Nep%l bh%M%y% bh%M%vaijñ%nika vyakaraNa’ (A linguistic grammar of nep%l bh%Ma (Newar)), Kathmandu: Lacoul Publications.
- Kansakar, T. R. (1982) ‘Morphophonemics of the Newari verb’, in T.R. Kansakar (ed.) Occasional Papers in Nepalese Linguistics 12–29. Linguistic Society of Nepal Publication No.1, Lalitpur, Nepal.
- —— (1997) ‘The Newar language: a profile’, New%h Vijñ%na: Journal of Newar Studies 1.1: 11–28.
- Kölver, U. (1976) ‘Satztypen und verbsubcategorisierung der Newari’, Structura 10, Munich: Fink Verlag.
- —— (1977) ‘Nominalization and lexicalization in Newari’, Arbeiten des Kölner Universalen-Projekts 30.
- Kölver, U. and Shresthacarya, I. (1994) A Dictionary of Contemporary Newari, Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.
- Manandhar, T. (1986) Newari-English Dictionary, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
- Malla, K. P. (1982) Classical Newari Literature: A Sketch, Kathmandu: Educational Enterprise Pvt. Ltd.
- —— (1985) ‘The Newari language: a working outline’, Monumenta Serindica No. 14., Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
- Shakya, D. R. (1992) ‘Nominal and verbal morphology in six dialects of Newari’, unpublished masters thesis, University of Oregon.
- Shrestha, Uma (1990) ‘Social networks and code-switching in the Newar community of Kathmandu City’, unpublished PhD dissertation, Ball State University.
- Shresthacharya, I. (1976) ‘Some types of reduplication in the Newari verb phrase’, Contributions to Nepalese Studies 3.1: 117–27.
- —— (1981) ‘Newari root verbs’, Bibliotheca Himalayica 2.1, Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.