Poland

Republic of Poland ; Polish bhasa:Rzeczpospolita Polska
Jhanda	Coat of arms
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto:	Bóg, Honor, Ojczyzna ; ("God, Honor, Fatherland")
National anthem:	Mazurek Dąbrowskiego
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa:	Polish bhasa
Aur bhasa:	Belarusian bhasa, Cassubian bhasa, German, aur Ukrainian bhasa
	Abaadi:
- Total:	38,483,957
Jagha
	country map Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City:	Warsaw
Sab se barraa City:	Warsaw
	Area
- Total:	312,696 (ranked 70th)
- Water:	8,220 km²
Politics / Government
Established:	966
Leader:	President: Andrzej Duda; Prime Minister: Donald Tusk
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam:	złoty
International information
Time ke zone:	UTC+1; UTC+2 (Summer)
Telephone ke dialing code:	48
Internet domain:	.pl

Poland (Polish bhasa: Polska) ke official naam Republic of Poland (Polish bhasa: Rzeczpospolita Polska^[4]) hae. Iske parrosi des west me Germany, south me Czechia aur Slovakia, east me Ukraine aur Belarus, aur north me Baltic Sea, Lithuania, aur Russia (Kaliningrad exclave). Iske paani ke border Denmark aur Sweden se Baltic Sea me hae. Poland ke puura land area 312,679 km² (120,728 mi²) hae. Iske matlab hae ki Poland dunia ke 77th sab se barraa des hae 38.5 million ke abaadi se. TPoland ke log jaada kar ke kuch barraa city me rahe hae jaise ki capital, Warsaw (Polish bhasa: Warszawa), Łódź, Kraków, Katowice, Gdańsk aur Poznań.

Poland des ke naam pahila dafe 966 me sunaa gais rahaa. 1569 me, Poland, Lithuania ke saathe jorr ke Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth banaa. Ii Commonwealth 1795 me tuut gais aur iske baad 123 talak poalnd ke log ke koi des nai rahaa. World War I ke baad Poland fir se independent bhaes lekin 1939 me iske Germany ayr Russia ke biich me baat dewa gais rahaa. World War II ke baad me ii ek communist des hoi ke Russia ke influence ke niche aais.

1989 me Poland communism ke chhorr diis aur ek liberal democracy ban gais. 2004 me Poland, European Union ke member an gais. Poland NATO, United Nations, aur World Trade Organization ke member bhi hae.

Itihaas

Puraana itihaas

Uu jagha jahaan pe abhi Poland hae, pahila insaan ke species, Homo erectus, lagbhag 500,000 saal phile base rahin, lekin kharaab mausam ke kaaran huan pe pakka settlement nai bane paais.^[5] Jab picchhlaa ice age, lagbhag 10,000 BC me khalaas bhais, tab Homo sapiens log huan pe aae ke rahe lagin.^[6] Hian pe 5,500BC me cheese banae ke sabuut milaa hae^[7] aur pahiyaa waala gaarri ke 3,400BC ke chaapa bhi milaa hae.^[8]

1300BC se 500BC talak ii ilaaka ke abaadi barrhe lagaa, permanent settlement banaa aur ii jagha ke sanskriti barrha.^[9]

400BC se 500AD talak abhi ke Poland ke jagha me dher jaati ke log rahae lagin rahaa, khaas kar ke Celts, Scythian, germanic, Sarmatian, Baltic aur Slavic log.^[10] Iske bhi sabuut mila hae ki Roman log ii time aapan siphaahi ke ii ilaaka me "amber trade" ke bachae ke khaatir bhejaa gais rahaa.^[11] 6 th century me ek migration wave ke baad Slavic Polish tribes ke ii jgha pe rahe ke sabuut hae. Isme bahaar ke log aur puraana log ke biich ke "inter-mixing" bhi hae.^[12] 10th century ke baa Polish log aur sab tribe ke dominate kare lagin. ^[13]

Kingdom of Poland

Poland, Piast dynasty ke niche, 10th century me ek des ke rakam rahaa.^[14] 966 me Poland ke raja Isaahi hoe gais.^[15]

References

↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Baza Demografia. Ludność Polski. Stan na 30.06.2014. [1] Archived 2018-12-26 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny, dane za rok 2018, stan na 01.01.2018. [2]
↑ Bankier.pl, Powierzchnia Polski wzrosła o 1643 ha [3]
↑ Article 1 of Polish constitution
↑ Fabisiak, Wojciech (2002) (in pl). Dzieje powiatu wrocławskiego. Wrocław: Starostwo Powiatowe. p. 9. ISBN 978-83-913985-3-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=g_8jAQAAIAAJ&q=500%2520000%2520lat%2520temu%2520polska%2520homo%2520erectus. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
↑ Jurek, Krzysztof (2019) (in pl). Poznać przeszłość 1. Karty pracy ucznia. Poziom podstawowy. Warszawa (Warsaw): Nowa Era. p. 93. ISBN 978-83-267-3653-7.
↑ Subbaraman, Nidhi (12 December 2012). "Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.12020. ISSN 0028-0836. http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
↑ Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006). "Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East". Palaeohistoria (University of Groningen) 47: 10–28 (11). ISBN 9789077922187. https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&dq=%22Bronocice,+Flintbek,+Uruk,+Jebel+Aruda+and+Arslantepe:+The+Earliest+Evidence+Of+Wheeled+Vehicles+In+Europe+And+The+Near+East%22&pg=PA10.
↑ Harding, Anthony (2020). The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford: University Press. pp. 766–783. ISBN 978-0-19-885507-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxoAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22bronze%2Bage%2Bpoland%2Blusatian%22&pg=PA772. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
↑ Davies, Norman (2001) (in en). Heart of Europe. The Past in Poland's Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-19-280126-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=mkcSDAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
↑ Zdziebłowski, Szymon (9 May 2018). "Archaeologist: We have evidence of the presence of Roman legionaries in Poland". Science in Poland. Polish Ministry of Education and Science. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
↑ Mielnik-Sikorska, Marta; et al. (2013), "The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences", PLOS ONE, 8 (1): e54360, Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854360M, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054360, PMC 3544712, PMID 23342138
↑ McKenna, Amy (2013). Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-61530-991-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22polanie%2Btribal%2Bmonarchy%22&pg=PA132. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
↑ Dabrowski, Patrice (2014). Poland: The First Thousand Years. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-5017-5740-2.
↑ Ramet, Sabrina (2017). The Catholic Church in Polish History. From 966 to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-137-40281-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=D2gpDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

Duusra websites

Tourist information portal
Poland.gov.pl - Polish national portal Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Poland at the World Factbook Archived 2019-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
Background Note: Poland
WorldFlicks in Poland: photos and interesting places on Google Maps Archived 2008-05-03 at the Wayback Machine

[1] Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Baza Demografia. Ludność Polski. Stan na 30.06.2014. [1] Archived 2018-12-26 at the Wayback Machine.

[2] Główny Urząd Statystyczny, dane za rok 2018, stan na 01.01.2018. [2]

[3] Bankier.pl, Powierzchnia Polski wzrosła o 1643 ha [3]

[Polish_constitution-4] Article 1 of Polish constitution

[5] Fabisiak, Wojciech (2002) (in pl). Dzieje powiatu wrocławskiego. Wrocław: Starostwo Powiatowe. p. 9. ISBN 978-83-913985-3-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=g_8jAQAAIAAJ&q=500%2520000%2520lat%2520temu%2520polska%2520homo%2520erectus. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

[6] Jurek, Krzysztof (2019) (in pl). Poznać przeszłość 1. Karty pracy ucznia. Poziom podstawowy. Warszawa (Warsaw): Nowa Era. p. 93. ISBN 978-83-267-3653-7.

[7] Subbaraman, Nidhi (12 December 2012). "Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.12020. ISSN 0028-0836. http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020. Retrieved 7 August 2021.

[8] Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006). "Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East". Palaeohistoria (University of Groningen) 47: 10–28 (11). ISBN 9789077922187. https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&dq=%22Bronocice,+Flintbek,+Uruk,+Jebel+Aruda+and+Arslantepe:+The+Earliest+Evidence+Of+Wheeled+Vehicles+In+Europe+And+The+Near+East%22&pg=PA10.

[9] Harding, Anthony (2020). The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford: University Press. pp. 766–783. ISBN 978-0-19-885507-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxoAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22bronze%2Bage%2Bpoland%2Blusatian%22&pg=PA772. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

[10] Davies, Norman (2001) (in en). Heart of Europe. The Past in Poland's Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-19-280126-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=mkcSDAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

[11] Zdziebłowski, Szymon (9 May 2018). "Archaeologist: We have evidence of the presence of Roman legionaries in Poland". Science in Poland. Polish Ministry of Education and Science. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[12] Mielnik-Sikorska, Marta; et al. (2013), "The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences", PLOS ONE, 8 (1): e54360, Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854360M, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054360, PMC 3544712, PMID 23342138

[13] McKenna, Amy (2013). Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-61530-991-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22polanie%2Btribal%2Bmonarchy%22&pg=PA132. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

[14] Dabrowski, Patrice (2014). Poland: The First Thousand Years. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-5017-5740-2.

[15] Ramet, Sabrina (2017). The Catholic Church in Polish History. From 966 to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-137-40281-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=D2gpDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

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