Tsohon yaren Nubian

Old Nubian
Yanki	Along the banks of the Nile in Lower and Upper Nubia (southern Egypt and northern Sudan)
Dangin harshen	Niluṣeḥrawit? Eastern Sudanic Northern Eastern Nubian Old Nubian
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	onw
Glottolog	oldn1245[1]

 

Tsohon Nubian (wanda kuma ake kira Middle Nubian ko Tsohon Nobiin) wani yaren Nubian ne wanda ya ƙare, wanda aka tabbatar da shi a rubuce daga karni na 8 zuwa 15 AD. Ya kasance kakannin Nobiin na zamani kuma yana da alaƙa da Dongolawi da Kenzi. An yi amfani da shi a duk masarautar Makuria, gami da eparchy na Nobatia . An adana harshe a cikin shafuka sama da ɗari na takardu da rubuce-rubuce, duka na addini (homilies, addu'o'i, hagiographies, zabura, lectionaries), kuma suna da alaƙa da jihar da rayuwar sirri (takardun shari'a, haruffa), waɗanda aka rubuta ta amfani da daidaitawa da haruffa na Coptic.

Tsohon Nubian, a cewar masana harsuna na tarihi, shine yaren da ake magana da shi na tsofaffin mazaunan kwarin Nilu. ^[2], Berhens, Griffith da Bechhause-Gerst sun yarda cewa Nilu Nubian ya samo asali ne a kwarin Nilu.

Tsohon Nubian yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin rubuce-rubucen yarukan Afirka kuma ya bayyana cewa an karbe shi daga karni na 10 zuwa 11 a matsayin babban harshe ga gwamnatin farar hula da addini ta Makuria. Baya ^[3] Tsohon Nubian, ana amfani da Girkanci na Koine sosai, musamman a cikin mahallin addini, yayin da Coptic yafi yawa a cikin rubutun jana'iza. ^[4] tsawon lokaci, yawancin Tsohon Nubian sun fara bayyana a cikin takardun duniya da na addini (ciki har da Littafi Mai-Tsarki), yayin da bangarori da yawa na Girkanci, gami da shari'ar, yarjejeniya, jinsi, da yanayin tashin hankali sun sha wahala sosai. Takardun tsarkakewa da aka samu tare da ragowar babban bishop Timotheos sun nuna, duk da haka, cewa ana ci gaba da amfani da Girkanci da Coptic har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 14, lokacin da Larabci ma ana amfani dashi sosai.

Rubutun kusan dukkanin matani na Tsohon Nubian aka rubuta shi ne bambancin uncial na haruffa na Coptic, wanda ya samo asali ne daga White Monastery a Sohag . [1] /ŋ//w/ /ɲ/ haɗa da ƙarin haruffa uku, da kuma haruffa biyu na farko da suka samo asali daga haruffa na Meroitic. Kasancewar waɗannan haruffa suna nuna cewa ko shaidar farko da aka rubuta game da Tsohon Nubian ta kasance a ƙarni na 8, dole ne a riga an haɓaka rubutun a ƙarni ya 6, bayan rushewar jihar Meroitic. Bugu da ƙari, Tsohon Nubian ya yi amfani da bambancin ːa don harafin Coptic. /ɲ/and   /w/, and   /ŋ/.

Halinsa	Fassara	Darajar sauti
	a	/a, aː/
	b	/b/
	g	/ɡ/
	d	/d/
	da kuma	/e, eː/
	z	/z/
	ē	/i, iː/
	th	/t/
	i	/i/
	k	/k, ɡ/
	l	/l/
	m	/m/
	n	/n/
	x	/ks/
	o	/o, oː/
	p	/p/
	r	/ɾ/
	s	/s/
	t	/t/
	u	/i, u/
	ph	/f/
	kh	/x/
	ps	/ps/
	ō	/o, oː/
	š	/ʃ/
	h	/h/
	j	/ɟ/
	ŋ	/ŋ/
	ñ	/ɲ/
	w	/w/

Harafin da aka yi amfani da su ne kawai a cikin kalmomin aro na Helenanci.  An nuna Jima'i ta hanyar rubuta ma'anar sau biyu; yawanci ba a rarrabe wasula masu tsawo daga gajerun ba. Tsohon Nubian ya ƙunshi nau'o'i biyu:/i, iː/="mwAUc" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/u, uː/ / da ː/.   An yi amfani da diaeresis a kan Tian don nuna sautin /j/ .   Bugu da kari, Tsohon Nubian ya nuna bugun jini, wanda zai iya nunawa:

• sautin da ya zama farkon syllable ko kuma an riga shi da 意, 意, 
• /i/ da ke gaba da ma'anar.

Nobiin na zamani yare ne na sauti; idan Tsohon Nubian ma yana da sauti, ba a yi wa sautunan alama ba.

Alamun alamar sun haɗa da babban maɓallin •, wani Lokacin maye gurbinsa da maɓallin baya sau biyu, wanda aka yi amfani da shi kamar lokacin Ingilishi ko maɓallin; maɓallin /, wanda aka amfani da shi azaman Alamar tambaya; da maɓalli biyu //, wanda wani lokacin ana amfani da shi don raba ayoyi.   

cikin 2021, an saki rubutun Nubian na farko na zamani wanda ya danganci salon rubutun da aka rubuta a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen Nubian da ake kira Sawarda wanda Hatim-Arbaab Eujayl ya tsara don jerin littattafan ilimi da ke koyar da Nobiin.

Tsohon Nubian yana ^[5] ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadyadaddun - ([[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]) ]]  Takamaiman aikin wannan morpheme ya kasance batun jayayya, tare da wasu malamai suna ba da shawarar shi azaman shari'ar da aka zaba ko alamar ra'ayi. ^[6] rarrabawar morpheme ^[7] shaidar kwatankwacin daga Meroitic, duk da haka, suna nuna amfani a matsayin mai tantancewa.

Tsohon Nubian yana da tsarin shari'a na zarge-zarge tare da shari'o'in tsari guda huɗu waɗanda ke ƙayyade ainihin muhawara a cikin jumlar, ^[8] </link> haka kuma da adadin lamurra na ƙamus don jimlolin adverbial .

Tsarin Tsarin	Nominative	-
	Mai zargi
	Halitta
	Bayani
LexicalCases	Gidauniyar
	Mai shayarwa
	Mai girma
	Mai son kai
	Mai ba da izini

Alamar da aka fi sani da jam'i ita ce -XA, wanda koyaushe ke gaba da alamar shari'a. < data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"script","href":"./Template:Script"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Copt"},"2":{"wt":"-ⲅⲟⲩ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAcs" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> Akwai wasu nau'o'i masu yawa, kamar su "mutum"; "yaro". Bugu da ƙari, akwai alamun nau'o-nau'i daban-daban na rayuwa a cikin "Kiristoci", waɗanda aka iyakance su ga wasu tushe, misali "Kirista"; "Kirkunni".< data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"script","href":"./Template:Script"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Copt"},"2":{"wt":"ⲉⲓⲧ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAc0" typeof="mw:Transclusion">       

Tsohon Nubian yana ^[9] nau'ikan sunaye da yawa da kuma batun clitics [1] sune masu zuwa, daga cikinsu masu zuwa sune manyan:

Mutumin	Mai ba da izini mai zaman kansa	Batun Clitic
Na
kai (sg.)
shi/ta/shi
mu (ciki har da ku)
mu (ba tare da ku ba)
kai (pl.)
su

Akwai sunayen wakilci guda biyu: ː, pl. ː, Pl. ː "wannan" da kuma ː "that". Kalmomin tambaya sun haɗa da ː "wanene?"; da kuma jerin kalmomin tambaya bisa ga tushen ː.       

Tsarin Magana na Tsohon Nubian shine mafi rikitarwa na harshe, yana ba da damar yin amfani da valence, tense, yanayi, al'amari, mutum da yawa don bayyana shi ta hanyar nau'o'i daban-daban.

Babban bambanci tsakanin maganganu ^[10] suna da maganganu a cikin babban sa da sashi na ƙasa ana nuna shi ta wurin kasancewar alamar -[[[[[[[[]]]]]]  Manyan rukunoni, waɗanda suka jera daga tushen aikatau zuwa dama, sune kamar haka:

Mai wucewa
Dalili
Ƙarfafawa
Rashin aiki

Yawanci

Yanzu
1 da suka gabata
2 da suka gabata

Ana iya nuna wannan ta hanyar jerin batutuwa daban-daban guda uku, waɗanda suka zama tilas ne kawai a wasu mahallin nahawu.

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Old Nubian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. ↑ Nubia: Corridor to Africa
3. ↑ Ochała 2014. sfn error: no target: CITEREFOchała2014 (help)
4. ↑ Burstein 2006. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurstein2006 (help)
5. ↑ Zyhlarz 1928. sfn error: no target: CITEREFZyhlarz1928 (help)
6. ↑ Rilly 2010. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRilly2010 (help)
7. ↑ Van Gerven Oei 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Gerven_Oei2011 (help)
8. ↑ Van Gerven Oei 2014. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Gerven_Oei2014 (help)
9. ↑ Van Gerven Oei 2018. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Gerven_Oei2018 (help)
10. ↑ Van Gerven Oei 2015. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Gerven_Oei2015 (help)

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• Browne, Gerald M., (1982) Griffith's Old Nubian Lectionary . Roma / Barcelona.
• Browne, Gerald M., (1988) Tsohon Rubutun Nubian daga Qasr Ibrim I (tare da J. M. Plumley), London, Burtaniya.
• Browne, Gerald M., (1989) Tsohon Rubutun Nubian daga Qasr Ibrim II. London, Burtaniya.
• Browne, Gerald M., (1996) Tsohon ƙamus na Nubian. Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium, Vol. 562. Leuven: Peeters.   ISBN 90-6831-787-3. 
• Browne, Gerald M., (1997) Tsohon ƙamus na Nubian - ƙarin bayani. Leuven: Peeters.   ISBN 90-6831-925-6. 
• Browne, Gerald M., (2002) A grammar of Old Nubian . Munich: LINCOM.   ISBN 3-89586-893-0. 
• [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], (1913) Rubutun Nubian na Zamanin Kirista . ADAW 8. https://archive.org/details/nubiantextsofchr00grif
• Satzinger, Helmut, (1990) Relativsatz und Thematisierung im Altnubischen. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 80, 185-205.

• Ana iya samun cikakkun bayanai game da dukkan haruffa na Tsohon Nubian, musamman ma ƙarin, a cikin wannan shawarar Unicode^{[permanent dead link]} ta Michael Everson da Stephen Emmel.
• Harsunan asali na Nubia na Kirista: Girkanci, Coptic, Tsohon Nubian, da Larabci. Gidan yanar gizon Tsohon Sudan.[usurped]
• Tsohon ƙamus na Nubian a cikin Global Lexicostatistical Database