Massacre de Guangzhou
| Massacre de Guangzhou | |
| Date | 878–879 |
|---|---|
| Lieu | Guangzhou |
| Victimes | Arabes Musulmans, Perses Musulmans, Perses Zoroastriens, Chrétiens et Juifs |
| Morts | entre 120 000[1] et 200 000 suivant les sources |
| Auteurs | troupes du chef rebelle Huang Chao |
| Guerre | révolte de Huang Chao contre la dynastie Tang |
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Le massacre de Guangzhou est une attaque visant les marchands étrangers de la ville de Guangzhou, en Chine, qui fut perpétrée en 878-879 par les troupes de Huang Chao, qui était alors le chef d'une rébellion contre la dynastie chinoise des Tang.
Situation avant le massacre
[modifier | modifier le code]Un premier massacre visant les communautés marchandes étrangères s'était déroulé à Yangzhou en 760, pendant la révolte d'An Lushan, lorsque les troupes du général rebelle Tian Shengong étaient rentrées dans la ville et avaient massacré les riches marchands des communautés arabe et persane[2],[3],[4]. Selon Liu Xu (887-946), le rédacteur en chef de l'Ancien Livre des Tang, l'une des deux histoires officielles de la dynastie Tang, cette attaque a fait des milliers de victimes au sein de ces communautés[5].
Une première attaque visant directement Guangzhou avait eu lieu peu de temps auparavant, en 758, lorsque des pirates arabes et persans avaient lancé un raid contre la ville et pillé des entrepôts. Selon un rapport du gouverneur local de Guangzhou, cette attaque a eu lieu le , qui correspond au jour de Guisi (癸巳) du neuvième mois lunaire de la première année de l'ère Qianyuan de l'Empereur Tang Suzong[6],[7],[8],[9] (大食, 波斯寇廣州)[10].
En 875, Huang Chao, un candidat malheureux aux examens impériaux, rejoint l'armée de Wang Xianzhi, un chef rebelle en révolte contre la dynastie Tang. Très vite, Chao se sépare de Xianzhi et ravage le centre de la Chine à la tête de sa propre armée. Il arrive devant les murs de Guanzhou en 878.
Déroulement du massacre
[modifier | modifier le code]Selon l'écrivain arabe Abu Zayd Hasan As-Sirafi, après avoir pris la ville, les troupes de Huang Chao ont massacré des Juifs, des Arabes musulmans, des Perses musulmans, des zoroastriens et des chrétiens. La date et la durée exacte du massacre ne sont pas connues, car les troupes de Chao occupent Guangzhou sur une assez longue période, en 878-879[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17]. La plupart des victimes de cette tuerie étaient de riches étrangers[18] et, suivant les sources, le bilan varie entre 120 000 et 200 000 victimes[19],[20],[21].
Les plantations de mûriers, qui sont la principale production agricole et source de richesses de la région, ont également été détruits par l'armée de Huang[22].
Même plusieurs siècles après les faits, le massacre de Guanzhou continue d’être commenté et vu comme un mauvais présage pour les étrangers tentés de s'installer en Chine, comme on peut le voir dans cet extrait du Missionary Magazine de 1869 :
« Des étrangers se sont installés en Chine à différentes époques, mais après y être restés un certain temps, ils ont été massacrés. Par exemple, les mahométans et d'autres se sont installés à Canton (Guangzhou) au IXe siècle ; et en 889, on dit que 120 000 colons étrangers ont été massacrés[23],[24]. »
— the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, The Baptist missionary magazine (1869)
Articles connexes
[modifier | modifier le code]Références
[modifier | modifier le code]- Marshall Broomhall, Islam in China : A Neglected Problem, Morgan & Scott, Limited, , 31, 50 (lire en ligne)
- John Guy, Oriental Trade Ceramics in South-East Asia, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries: With a Catalogue of Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai Wares in Australian Collections, Oxford University Press, (lire en ligne), p. 7 :
.« Tang period onwards, were strong enough to sack that city in 758-59 in an act of frustration prompted by the corruption of Chinese port officials, and escape by sea, probably to Tonkin where they could continue their trading activities.11 The sacking of Yang-chou in 760 by Chinese rebels resulted in the deaths of "several thousand of Po'ssi and Ta-shih merchants".12 and when massacres occurred in Guangzhou in 878, a contemporary Arab geographer, Abu Zaid, recorded that "Muslims, Jews, Christians and Parsees perished".13 »
- Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, Cambridge University Press, , 2, illustrated, revised, reprint éd. (ISBN 0-521-49781-7, lire en ligne), p. 292
.« In 760 several thousand Arab and Persian merchants were massacred at Yangchow by insurgent bands led by T'ien Shen-kung and a century later, in 879, it was also the foreign merchants who were attacked at Canton by the troops of Huang Ch'ao. »
- Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, 2, illustrated, revised, reprint, (ISBN 0-521-49781-7, lire en ligne), p. 289
.« The sack of the city by Huang Ch'ao's troops in 879, »
- (en) electricpulp.com, « Chinese–Iranian Relations vii. SE. China – Encyclopaedia Iranica », sur www.iranicaonline.org (consulté le ).
- E. Bretschneider, On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian colonies : and other western countries, mentioned in Chinese books, LONDON 60 PATERNOSTER ROW., Trübner & co., (lire en ligne), p. 10
(Original from Harvard University)« The merchant Soleyman visited China around the middle of the ninth century. He went there by sea and landed at a town which he calls Kanfou, situated several days' journey from the sea. Renaudot and Deguignes believed he meant Canton, but Reinaud is of the opinion that Soleyman landed at Hang chou fu (in Chekiang). Another Arabian merchant, Ibn Vahab, visited and described China in 872 AD and was received by the Emperor. It appears from the relations given by these two travelers that the Arabs at that time carried on commerce with the Chinese by sea. The Chinese records do not mention this. Only in one instance (T'ang shu, Chap. 258b, Article Po ssii (Persia)) is it said that the Arabs and Persians together AD 758 sacked and burned the city of Kuang chou (Canton) and went back by sea. The Chinese text (1.c.) says: $£ Ttj »
- Frank Welsh, A Borrowed Place : The History of Hong Kong, Maya Rao, (ISBN 1-56836-134-3), p. 13.
- Joseph Needham, Science & Civilisation in China, Cambridge University Press, , 1, 179.
- Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government).
- « The “China Seas” in world history: A general outline of the role of Chinese and East Asian maritime space from its origins to c. 1800 », Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, vol. 1, , p. 63–86 (DOI 10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.002, lire en ligne).
- Voyage du marchand arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine, rédigé en 851, suivi de remarques par Abû Zayd Hasan (vers 916), Gabriel Ferrand, , 76 p.
- Sidney Shapiro, Jews in old China: studies by Chinese scholars, Hippocrene Books, (ISBN 0781808332, lire en ligne), p. 60 :
« 3. Guangzhou (Canton). Toward the end of the Tang dynasty, that is, toward the end of the ninth century, Islamic traveler Aboul Zeyd al Hassan, also called Abu Zaid, visited India and China (40). He wrote: "During the Huang Chao rebellion near the end of Tang, 120,000 Muslims, Jews, Christians and Parsees in Guangfu [Chen Yuan's rendition of the French "Khanfu"] on business, were killed" (27 p. 29). Neither the New nor Old Tang History mentions this event, though they do say that Huang Chao occupied Guangzhou in 978 and that he withdrew the following year, the reason for the pull-out being that "... a great plague »
- Sidney Shapiro, Jews in old China: studies by Chinese scholars, Hippocrene Books, (ISBN 0781808332, lire en ligne), p. 8 :
« Toward the end of Tang (618-905) Arab traveller Abu Zaid Hassan notes that during Huang Chao's attack on Khanfu (Canton) many Muslims, Jews, Christians and Mazdaists (Persian Zoroastrians) were killed. At that time people of various races from Western Asia came to China since sea trade was brisk »
- (en) Rukang Tian, Male anxiety and female chastity : a comparative study of Chinese ethical values in Ming-Chʻing times, vol. Volume 14 of Tʻoung pao: Monographie, Leiden, Netherlands/New York/København, BRILL, , illustrated éd., 172 p. (ISBN 90-04-08361-8, lire en ligne), p. 84
« In the waning years of the T'ang Dynasty Huang Chao, a scholar who had failed repeatedly in examinations, rose furiously in revolt. It was recorded by an Arab traveler that 120,000 Arabs, Persians and Jews were killed when the rebellious army captured Canton in 879. »
- Ray Huang, China : A Macro History, M.E. Sharpe, , 2, revised, illustrated éd., 335 p. (ISBN 1-56324-730-5, lire en ligne), p. 117
« An Arabic source says that in Guangzhou Huang's followers slew 120,000 Mohammedans, Jews, Christians and Persians. This, however, is not corroborated by the Chinese writers. »
- William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange : How Trade Shaped the World, Grove Press, , illustrated éd., 467 p. (ISBN 978-0-8021-4416-4 et 0-8021-4416-0, lire en ligne), p. 86
« As early as AD 840, the emperor Wuzong sought to blame foreign ideologies for China's plight. In 878, the rebel Huang Chao sacked Canton, slaughtering 120,000 Muslims (mainly Persians), Jews, and Christians living in that city's trade community. »
- Morris Rossabi, From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia : The Writings of Morris Rossabi, BRILL, , 227– (ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3, lire en ligne)
- Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, Cambridge University Press, , 2, illustrated, revised, reprint éd. (ISBN 0-521-49781-7, lire en ligne), p. 267
« They then traveled around Anhwei and Chekiang, reaching Foochow and in 879 Canton, where they massacred the rich foreign merchants. »
- « 404錯誤 », sur mykedah2.com (consulté le ).
- History of humanity
- Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
- William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange : How Trade Shaped the World, Grove Press, , illustrated éd., 467 p. (ISBN 978-0-8021-4416-4 et 0-8021-4416-0, lire en ligne), p. 86
« 19 Not content to massacre traders, Huang Chao also tried to kill China's main export industry by destroying the mulberry groves of south China.20 »
- Traduction française du texte original en anglais réalisée pour cet article
- American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, The Missionary magazine, Volume 49, vol. VOLUME XLIX, BOSTON : MISSIONARY ROOMS, 12 BEDFORD STREET, American Baptist Missionary Union, (lire en ligne), p. 385
« The Chinese and Foreigners. The position and treaty rights of foreigners in China have hitherto been maintained by military force; and though Mr. Burlingame's mission appears to be especially directed to the abolishment of the " force policy," yet without force, that is, a show of military force for protection, the position of foreigners of every class would not be tenable in China a month. Foreigners have at different periods settled in China; but after remaining for a time, they have been massacred. For instance, Mohammedans and others settled at Canton in the ninth century; and in 889, it is said that 120,000 foreign settlers were massacred. Again in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese commenced trade and formed a settlement at Ningpo; Spaniards and other foreigners also settled here. But in 1542, the whole settlement, consisting of over 3,000 persons, was destroyed, most of the settlers being put to death. Also at Cha-pu, about seventy or eighty miles north of Ningpo, on the Hangchow bay, there was a settlement of foreigners for the purposes of trade, about two hundred years since, who at length were massacred. It is often reported among the people at Ningpo, and other places in China where there are foreigners residing, that they and all the natives connected with them are to be put to death. So rife was such a report at Ningpo, two years since, and the excitement began to be so great that the foreign consuls requested the native officials to issue proclamations to quiet the people, and threaten punishment to those circulating inflammatory reports. »
- (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé « Guangzhou massacre » (voir la liste des auteurs).
