kaataa
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kaatadak. Compare Karelian kuatua.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]kaataa (transitive)
- to knock/tip/turn over, overturn, upset, knock down
- kaataa ylösalaisin ― to turn upside down
- He kaatoivat veneen.
- They overturned the boat.
- Hänet kaadettiin.
- He was knocked down.
- to fell, cut/chop down (a tree), to cut (hay)
- Puuta kaadetaan.
- The tree is being felled.
- to fell, kill (a game animal)
- to dump, tip (a load)
- to pour (out); tip, spill (cause a liquid or similar fluid to flow in a stream out of a container by tilting it or turning it over, either intentionally or accidentally)
- Near-synonym: valuttaa
- Kaadan kahvia.
- I pour coffee.
- Kaadoin vesilasin.
- I spilled the glass of water.
- to overthrow
- Synonym: kukistaa
- Kapinalliset kaatoivat hallituksen.
- The insurgents overthrew the government.
- (figuratively) to beat, to prevail over
- (figuratively) to make fall in love with, to charm (a person or people)
- (nautical) to capsize (to cause to overturn)
- (computing) to crash, cause to crash
- (slang) to drink (alcohol), booze
- Menetkö kaatamaan (viinaa) tänään?
- Will you go to booze today?
Conjugation
[edit]Inflection of kaataa (Kotus type 56*F/kaivaa, t-d gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaadan | en kaada | 1st sing. | olen kaatanut | en ole kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaadat | et kaada | 2nd sing. | olet kaatanut | et ole kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaataa | ei kaada | 3rd sing. | on kaatanut | ei ole kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaadamme | emme kaada | 1st plur. | olemme kaataneet | emme ole kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaadatte | ette kaada | 2nd plur. | olette kaataneet | ette ole kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaatavat | eivät kaada | 3rd plur. | ovat kaataneet | eivät ole kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadetaan | ei kaadeta | passive | on kaadettu | ei ole kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaadoin | en kaatanut | 1st sing. | olin kaatanut | en ollut kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaadoit | et kaatanut | 2nd sing. | olit kaatanut | et ollut kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaatoi | ei kaatanut | 3rd sing. | oli kaatanut | ei ollut kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaadoimme | emme kaataneet | 1st plur. | olimme kaataneet | emme olleet kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaadoitte | ette kaataneet | 2nd plur. | olitte kaataneet | ette olleet kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaatoivat | eivät kaataneet | 3rd plur. | olivat kaataneet | eivät olleet kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadettiin | ei kaadettu | passive | oli kaadettu | ei ollut kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaataisin | en kaataisi | 1st sing. | olisin kaatanut | en olisi kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaataisit | et kaataisi | 2nd sing. | olisit kaatanut | et olisi kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaataisi | ei kaataisi | 3rd sing. | olisi kaatanut | ei olisi kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaataisimme | emme kaataisi | 1st plur. | olisimme kaataneet | emme olisi kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaataisitte | ette kaataisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte kaataneet | ette olisi kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaataisivat | eivät kaataisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat kaataneet | eivät olisi kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadettaisiin | ei kaadettaisi | passive | olisi kaadettu | ei olisi kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaada | älä kaada | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaatakoon | älköön kaatako | 3rd sing. | olkoon kaatanut | älköön olko kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaatakaamme | älkäämme kaatako | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaatakaa | älkää kaatako | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaatakoot | älkööt kaatako | 3rd plur. | olkoot kaataneet | älkööt olko kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadettakoon | älköön kaadettako | passive | olkoon kaadettu | älköön olko kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaatanen | en kaatane | 1st sing. | lienen kaatanut | en liene kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaatanet | et kaatane | 2nd sing. | lienet kaatanut | et liene kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaatanee | ei kaatane | 3rd sing. | lienee kaatanut | ei liene kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaatanemme | emme kaatane | 1st plur. | lienemme kaataneet | emme liene kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaatanette | ette kaatane | 2nd plur. | lienette kaataneet | ette liene kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaatanevat | eivät kaatane | 3rd plur. | lienevät kaataneet | eivät liene kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadettaneen | ei kaadettane | passive | lienee kaadettu | ei liene kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
1st | kaataa | present | kaatava | kaadettava | |||||||||||||||||
long 1st1 |
|
past | kaatanut | kaadettu | |||||||||||||||||
2nd | inessive2 | kaataessa | kaadettaessa | agent4 | kaatama | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | kaatamaton | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kaataen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix.
2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). unlike the first infinitive (the lemma form), even though they are spelled identically. | ||||||||||||||||||
3rd | inessive | kaatamassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
elative | kaatamasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
illative | kaatamaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
adessive | kaatamalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
abessive | kaatamatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kaataman | kaadettaman | |||||||||||||||||||
4th3 | verbal noun | kaataminen | |||||||||||||||||||
5th1 |
|
Less common:
Inflection of kaataa (Kotus type 57*F/saartaa, t-d gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaadan | en kaada | 1st sing. | olen kaatanut | en ole kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaadat | et kaada | 2nd sing. | olet kaatanut | et ole kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaataa | ei kaada | 3rd sing. | on kaatanut | ei ole kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaadamme | emme kaada | 1st plur. | olemme kaataneet | emme ole kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaadatte | ette kaada | 2nd plur. | olette kaataneet | ette ole kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaatavat | eivät kaada | 3rd plur. | ovat kaataneet | eivät ole kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadetaan | ei kaadeta | passive | on kaadettu | ei ole kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaasin kaadoin |
en kaatanut | 1st sing. | olin kaatanut | en ollut kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaasit kaadoit |
et kaatanut | 2nd sing. | olit kaatanut | et ollut kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaasi kaatoi |
ei kaatanut | 3rd sing. | oli kaatanut | ei ollut kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaasimme kaadoimme |
emme kaataneet | 1st plur. | olimme kaataneet | emme olleet kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaasitte kaadoitte |
ette kaataneet | 2nd plur. | olitte kaataneet | ette olleet kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaasivat kaatoivat |
eivät kaataneet | 3rd plur. | olivat kaataneet | eivät olleet kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadettiin | ei kaadettu | passive | oli kaadettu | ei ollut kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaataisin | en kaataisi | 1st sing. | olisin kaatanut | en olisi kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaataisit | et kaataisi | 2nd sing. | olisit kaatanut | et olisi kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaataisi | ei kaataisi | 3rd sing. | olisi kaatanut | ei olisi kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaataisimme | emme kaataisi | 1st plur. | olisimme kaataneet | emme olisi kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaataisitte | ette kaataisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte kaataneet | ette olisi kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaataisivat | eivät kaataisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat kaataneet | eivät olisi kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadettaisiin | ei kaadettaisi | passive | olisi kaadettu | ei olisi kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaada | älä kaada | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaatakoon | älköön kaatako | 3rd sing. | olkoon kaatanut | älköön olko kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaatakaamme | älkäämme kaatako | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaatakaa | älkää kaatako | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaatakoot | älkööt kaatako | 3rd plur. | olkoot kaataneet | älkööt olko kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadettakoon | älköön kaadettako | passive | olkoon kaadettu | älköön olko kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaatanen | en kaatane | 1st sing. | lienen kaatanut | en liene kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaatanet | et kaatane | 2nd sing. | lienet kaatanut | et liene kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaatanee | ei kaatane | 3rd sing. | lienee kaatanut | ei liene kaatanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaatanemme | emme kaatane | 1st plur. | lienemme kaataneet | emme liene kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaatanette | ette kaatane | 2nd plur. | lienette kaataneet | ette liene kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaatanevat | eivät kaatane | 3rd plur. | lienevät kaataneet | eivät liene kaataneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaadettaneen | ei kaadettane | passive | lienee kaadettu | ei liene kaadettu | ||||||||||||||||
Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
1st | kaataa | present | kaatava | kaadettava | |||||||||||||||||
long 1st1 |
|
past | kaatanut | kaadettu | |||||||||||||||||
2nd | inessive2 | kaataessa | kaadettaessa | agent4 | kaatama | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | kaatamaton | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kaataen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix.
2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). unlike the first infinitive (the lemma form), even though they are spelled identically. | ||||||||||||||||||
3rd | inessive | kaatamassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
elative | kaatamasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
illative | kaatamaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
adessive | kaatamalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
abessive | kaatamatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kaataman | kaadettaman | |||||||||||||||||||
4th3 | verbal noun | kaataminen | |||||||||||||||||||
5th1 |
|
Derived terms
[edit]- kaataa bensaa liekkeihin (“to add fuel to fire”)
- sataa kaatamalla (“to rain cats and dogs, pour, come down in buckets”)
Further reading
[edit]- “kaataa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Ingrian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kaatadak. Cognates include Finnish kaataa and Karelian kuatua.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈkɑːtɑː/, [ˈkɑːtɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈkɑːtɑː/, [ˈkɑːtɑː]
- Rhymes: -ɑːtɑː
- Hyphenation: kaa‧taa
Verb
[edit]kaataa
- (transitive) to knock over
Conjugation
[edit]This verb is slightly irregular: In order to avoid the vowel cluster -aaa- or -aai-, the consonant -vv- is inserted.
Conjugation of kaataa (type 3/kyntää, t-vv gradation) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indikativa | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | kaavvan | en kaavva | 1st singular | oon kaatant, oon kaatanut | en oo kaatant, en oo kaatanut |
2nd singular | kaavvat | et kaavva | 2nd singular | oot kaatant, oot kaatanut | et oo kaatant, et oo kaatanut |
3rd singular | kaataa | ei kaavva | 3rd singular | ono kaatant, ono kaatanut | ei oo kaatant, ei oo kaatanut |
1st plural | kaavvamma | emmä kaavva | 1st plural | oomma kaataneet | emmä oo kaataneet |
2nd plural | kaavvatta | että kaavva | 2nd plural | ootta kaataneet | että oo kaataneet |
3rd plural | kaataat1), kaatavat2), kaavvetaa | evät kaavva, ei kaavveta | 3rd plural | ovat kaataneet | evät oo kaataneet, ei oo kaavvettu |
impersonal | kaavvetaa | ei kaavveta | impersonal | ono kaavvettu | ei oo kaavvettu |
Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | kaasin | en kaatant, en kaatanut | 1st singular | olin kaatant, olin kaatanut | en olt kaatant, en olt kaatanut |
2nd singular | kaasit | et kaatant, et kaatanut | 2nd singular | olit kaatant, olit kaatanut | et olt kaatant, et olt kaatanut |
3rd singular | kaasi | ei kaatant, ei kaatanut | 3rd singular | oli kaatant, oli kaatanut | ei olt kaatant, ei olt kaatanut |
1st plural | kaasimma | emmä kaataneet | 1st plural | olimma kaataneet | emmä olleet kaataneet |
2nd plural | kaasitta | että kaataneet | 2nd plural | olitta kaataneet | että olleet kaataneet |
3rd plural | kaasiit1), kaasivat2), kaavvettii | evät kaataneet, ei kaavvettu | 3rd plural | olivat kaataneet | evät olleet kaataneet, ei olt kaavvettu |
impersonal | kaavvettii | ei kaavvettu | impersonal | oli kaavvettu | ei olt kaavvettu |
Konditsionala | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | kaataisin | en kaatais | 1st singular | olisin kaatant, olisin kaatanut | en olis kaatant, en olis kaatanut |
2nd singular | kaataisit, kaataist1) | et kaatais | 2nd singular | olisit kaatant, olisit kaatanut | et olis kaatant, et olis kaatanut |
3rd singular | kaatais | ei kaatais | 3rd singular | olis kaatant, olis kaatanut | ei olis kaatant, ei olis kaatanut |
1st plural | kaataisimma | emmä kaatais | 1st plural | olisimma kaataneet | emmä olis kaataneet |
2nd plural | kaataisitta | että kaatais | 2nd plural | olisitta kaataneet | että olis kaataneet |
3rd plural | kaataisiit1), kaataisivat2), kaavvettais | evät kaatais, ei kaavvettais | 3rd plural | olisivat kaataneet | evät olis kaataneet, ei olis kaavvettu |
impersonal | kaavvettais | ei kaavvettais | impersonal | olis kaavvettu | ei olis kaavvettu |
Imperativa | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
2nd singular | kaavva | elä kaavva | 2nd singular | oo kaatant, oo kaatanut | elä oo kaatant, elä oo kaatanut |
3rd singular | kaatakoo | elköö kaatako | 3rd singular | olkoo kaatant, olkoo kaatanut | elköö olko kaatant, elköö olko kaatanut |
1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
2nd plural | kaatakaa | elkää kaatako | 2nd plural | olkaa kaataneet | elkää olko kaataneet |
3rd plural | kaatakoot | elkööt kaatako, elköö kaavvettako | 3rd plural | olkoot kaataneet | elkööt olko kaataneet, elköö olko kaavvettu |
impersonal | kaavvettakkoo | elköö kaavvettako | impersonal | olkoo kaavvettu | elköö olko kaavvettu |
Potentsiala | |||||
Preesens | |||||
positive | negative | ||||
1st singular | kaatanen | en kaatane | |||
2nd singular | kaatanet | et kaatane | |||
3rd singular | kaatanoo | ei kaatane | |||
1st plural | kaatanemma | emmä kaatane | |||
2nd plural | kaatanetta | että kaatane | |||
3rd plural | kaatanoot | evät kaatane, ei kaavvettane | |||
impersonal | kaavvettannoo | ei kaavvettane | |||
Nominal forms | |||||
Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
active | passive | ||||
1st | kaataa | present | kaatava | kaavvettava | |
2nd | inessive | kaatajees | past | kaatant, kaatanut | kaavvettu |
instructive | kaataen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (kaatakaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
3rd | illative | kaatamaa | |||
inessive | kaatamaas | ||||
elative | kaatamast | ||||
abessive | kaatamata | ||||
4th | nominative | kaatamiin | |||
partitive | kaatamista, kaatamist |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 111
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 149
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
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