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Phymatopus (Originally: Noctua Linnaeus, 1758) is a genus of moths belonging to the hepialidae family (commonly referred to as swift moths or ghost moths), which consists of around 500 species and 30 genera ^[1]. They can be found across Eurasia and North America. Species can be distinguished by the different morphology of male genitalia and different forewing patterns, which vary in stripe colour and size and arrangement of spots. The stripes themselves consist of spots separated by dark veins which are fringed by thin black lines from both inner and outer sides ^[2].

japonicas Inoue, 1982 - Japan
hectica Bang-Haas, 1927 - Russia (Siberia)

• albomaculatus Tshistjakov 1996a - Russia (Far East)
  

hecta |Linnaeus, 1758 -Europe

• flina Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775 - Germany
  
• clavipes Retzius, 1783 - Europe
  
• nemorosa Esper, 1786 - Germany
  
• hectator Haworth, 1802
  
• unicolor Petersen, 1902 infrasubsp. Estonia
  
• decorata Krulikowsky, 1908 -nomen nudum
  
• decorata Rebel, 1910 - infrasubsp. Russia (central)
  
• strigosa Hartwieg, 1922 - infrasubsp. Germany
  
• nigra Lempke, 1938 - infrasubsp. Netherlands
  
• confluens BytinskiSalz, 1939 -infrasubsp. Britain
  
• inversa Bytinski-Salz, 1939 -infrasubsp. Britain
  
• ornata Bytinski-Salz, 1939 - infrasubsp. Britain
  
• zetterstedti Burrau, 1950 - Sweden
  
• radiata Lucas, 1959 -Netherlands
  
• continua van Wisselingh, 1961 -infrasubsp. Netherlands
  
• brunnea Lempke, 1961 -infrasubsp. Netherlands
  
• fusca Lempke, 1961 -infrasubsp. Netherlands
  
• reducta Lempke, 1961 -infrasubsp. Netherlands
  
• rufa Lempke, 1961 -infrasubsp. Netherlands
  

behrensii Stretch, 1872 - USA

• Recorded food plants: Helenium, Lupinus, Malus, various ferns
  

• behrensii Stretch, 1872
  
• montana Stretch, 1872 - USA
  
• tacomae Edwards, 1874 - USA
  
• desolatus Strecker, 1875 - USA
  
• anceps Edwards, 1881 - USA
  

californicus Boisduval, 1868 - USA

• Recorded food plants: Baccharis, Eriophyllum
  

• sequoiolus Behrens, 1876 - USA
  
• mendocinolus Behrens, 1876 - USA
  
• baroni Behrens, 1876 - USA
  
• rectus Edwards, 1881 - USA
  
• scequoilus Edwards, 1881
  

hectoides Boisduval, 1868 -USA

• Recorded food plants: Baccharis, Horkelia, Scrophularia
  

• modestus Edwards, 1873 - USA
  
• lenzi Behrens, 1876 - USA
  
• sangaris Strecker, 1878 - USA
  
• inutilis Edwards 1881 - USA
  

The Gold Swift (Phymatopus hectus), originally belonging to the Hepialus genus, is widely distributed across Europe (Central and North) and the Ural mountains, follows the distribution of its foodplant- bracken and roots of Erica, Primula, Rumex, Calluna. The male forewings bear two silvery white stripes consisting of individual spots separated by dark veins, which are fringed with thin black lines. The dorsal process of valvella (part of male genitalia) is almost straight, and the mesosome tip is rounded^[2].

Phymatopus hecta japonicus is found located in the south of the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan at an altitude of 700m. Its appearance is similar to P. hectus but differs in that the outer strip is usually uninterrupted. It consists of 4-5 silvery spots at the apex, 2-3 small spots moving slightly more inward and the largest one at the inner margin. The morphology of the male genitalia is also different to that of P. hectus, the ventral process of valvella is belt-like, which tapers to a point as it reaches the distal quarter, the dorsal margin of valva is convex.

[2].

The genus Phymatopus is considered monotypic and species can be distinguished by forewing pattern and male genitalia. Phymatopus lack spurs on the tibiae and like other members of the Hepialidae family, also lack a proboscis or frenulum and have very short antennae^[3].

Western Asia, North America- north of Mexico, Central and North Europe. The Eurasian range consists solely of Phymatopus hectus, and in North America the genus is represented by three species, which are geographically restricted to the western coastal region of the United States.

Phymatopus are root and stem borers^[4]. It is not uncommon for the larvae to tunnel through the stems, as is the case of the western North American Phymatopus. Tunnels can be found travelling through the base of the stems and also the adjacent stems in contact with leaf litter and soil. Sometimes dead stems can also serve to provide tunnels which are active. As well as tunnelling through stems, some larvae (e.g. P. hectoides) tunnel through the soil and feed on root tissues ^[5].

In the pupae, one or two fixed basal abdominal segments. On the abdominal segments, there are dorsal spines aligned in rows, similar to some lower members of the Heteroneura^[3]

As in other lepidopterans, early prophase I stage of meiosis occurs as normal, but there is no crossing over or chiasma formation in the females at the prophase I stage. The males on the other hand show conventional meiotic recombination ^[6].

In many hepialids, the female releases attractants to draw in males. This is the ancestral condition whereas in Phymatopus, the opposite occurs, with males attracting females ^[7]

• Pteridium (Bracken)
  

Roots of:

• Erica (Heaths)
  
• Primula
  
• Docks and Sorrels (Rumex)
  
• Common Heather / Ling (Calluna)
  

Mobility is defined as the ability to migrate. According to the metapopulation theory, migration is important for individuals to colonize new areas and recolonize old ones to avoid extinction. Moths, like other insects, are only mobile in the larval and adult stages. Mobility at the larval stage is limited and required mainly to find food and an optimal environment to pupate. According to van der Meulen and Groenendijk’s classification, Phymatopus exhibit area restricted, limited wandering behaviour and small flight range. ^[8].