User:Lazman321/12 Angry Men
Production
[edit]Development
[edit]Reginald Rose's screenplay for 12 Angry Men, titled Twelve Angry Men, was initially produced for television and was inspired by a jury summons.[1] Although it is unclear what trial he was summoned to,[a] according to Rose, in early 1954, he served as a juror on a manslaughter case in the New York Court of General Sessions. Though he and the other eleven jurors initially attended begrudgingly, Rose was deeply affected by the impassioned and deliberate atmosphere of the trial and the finality of his and the jury's verdict. Rose began writing Twelve Angry Men upon realizing that very few people knew what occurred during jury deliberations and that they could serve as an exciting setting for a drama.[3][4] While writing the screenplay, Rose cut planned passages of dialogue to account for a fifty-minute time slot on television, leading to the characters to be less nuanced.[5] A live production of "Twelve Angry Men", directed by Franklin Schaffner and starring Robert Cummings as Juror 8 and Franchot Tone as Juror 3, was broadcast on the CBS program Westinghouse Studio One in September 20, 1954 to positive reviews.[6][7] It received four nominations for the 7th Primetime Emmy Awards, winning three on March 7, 1955: "Best Actor in a Single Performance", "Best Direction", and "Best Written Dramatic Material".[8][9]
In February 1955, actor Henry Fonda formed Orion Productions under a three-year deal with distributor United Artists.[10] He reportedly first saw Westinghouse Studio One's "Twelve Angry Men" as a kinescope in a Hollywood projection room following its success in the 7th Primetime Emmy Awards. He was impressed with the story and wanted to star as Juror 8.[11][1][12] In mid-1956, Fonda partnered with Rose to produce a film adaptation of 12 Angry Men for film.[13][12] As part of the partnership, Rose formed Nova Productions and combined it with Fonda's Orion Productions to form Orion-Nova Productions,[14][15] and production of the film was budgeted at $340,000.[16] To develop the screenplay and characters, Rose restored material he had cut for the broadcast and added dialogue that revealed character's backgrounds and motivations.[17][1]
Fonda and Rose recruited Sidney Lumet to direct 12 Angry Men, his film directorial debut. Lumet had previously directed numerous episodes, including adaptations of Rose's plays, for TV series such as Danger and You Are There.[18] Fonda said he hired Lumet because of his proficient directing skills and because he was "wonderful with actors".[16] Lumet recruited Boris Kaufman as the cinematographer. Kaufman had recently won Academy Award for Best Cinematography for On the Waterfront (1954),[19][20] and Lumet believed Kaufman's "realist style" suited the film.[21]
Casting
[edit]Filming
[edit]The film was shot in New York and completed after a short but rigorous rehearsal schedule, in less than three weeks, on a budget of $337,000 (equivalent to $3,656,000 in 2023). Rose and Fonda took salary deferrals.[22] Faith Hubley, later to be known for her Oscar-winning animated efforts with spouse John, was script supervisor for this film.[23][24]
At the beginning of the film, the cameras are positioned above eye level and mounted with wide-angle lenses, to give the appearance of greater depth between subjects, but as the film progresses the focal length of the lenses is gradually increased. By the end of the film, nearly everyone is shown in closeup, using telephoto lenses from a lower angle, which decreases or "shortens" depth of field. Lumet stated that his intention in using these techniques with cinematographer Boris Kaufman was to create a nearly palpable claustrophobia.[25]
Post-production
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Spiegel 2019, p. 184.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Rose 1956, pp. 155–156.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Rose 1956, pp. 157.
- ^ Munyan 2000, p. 19, 145–146.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, p. 74, 76–77, 80.
- ^ Munyan 2000, p. 146.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, pp. 87.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, p. 97.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b Fonda 1981, p. 248.
- ^ McKinney 2012, p. 331.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, pp. 99–100.
- ^ Pryor, Thomas M. (July 18, 1955). "Fonda and Rose to Film TV Play; Actor and Author of 'Twelve Angry Men' Team for First of Star's Productions". The New York Times. p. 16. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
- ^ a b Spiegel 2019, p. 185.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, p. 105.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, p. 114.
- ^ Spiegel 2019, p. 186.
- ^ "On the Waterfront (1954)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ Rosenzweig 2021, p. 115.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Varietywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Faith Hubley, 77; Groundbreaking Film Animator - Los Angeles Times
- ^ Historical Dictionary of Animation and Cartoons - Google Books (pg.103)
- ^ "Evolution of Twelve Angry Men". Playhouse Square. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
Sources
[edit]- Cunningham, Frank R. (2014). Sidney Lumet: Film and Literary Vision. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-81315-826-6.
- Fonda, Henry (November 1981). Fonda: My Life as Told to Howard Teichmann. New American Library. ISBN 978-0-45300-402-2.
- McKinney, Devin (2012). The Man Who Saw a Ghost: The Life and Work of Henry Fonda. Thorndike Press. ISBN 978-1-41045-622-9.
- Munyan, Russ, ed. (2000). Readings on Twelve Angry Men. Greenhaven Press. ISBN 978-0-73770-313-9.
- Rose, Reginald (1956). "Author's Commentary on Twelve Angry Men". Six Television Plays. Simon and Schuster.
- Rosenzweig, Phil (2021). Reginald Rose and the Journey of 12 Angry Men. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-82329-776-4.
- Spiegel, Maura (December 2019). Sidney Lumet: A Life. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-25003-014-6.