Chrysothrix

Chrysothrix
	Chrysothrix chlorina, Unteres Rannatal, Austria
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Arthoniomycetes
Order:	Arthoniales
Family:	Chrysotrichaceae
Genus:	Chrysothrix; Mont. (1852)
Type species
	Chrysothrix noli-tangere; (Mont.) Mont. (1852)
Synonyms
	Alysphaeria Turpin (1827); Amphilomopsis Jatta (1905); Peribotryon Fr. (1832); Plearthonis Clem. (1909); Pulveraria Ach. (1803); Temnospora A.Massal. (1860);

Chrysothrix is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Chrysotrichaceae.^[3] They are commonly called gold dust lichens or sulfur dust lichens,^[4]^: 253 because they are bright yellow to greenish-yellow, sometimes flecked with orange, and composed entirely of powdery soredia.^[5] Apothecia are never present in North American specimens.^[5]

They grow on bark or rocks, generally in shaded habitats.^[5] They can sometimes be mistaken for sterile specimens of Chaenotheca, which usually has pinhead apothecia on tiny stalks, or Psilolechia, which usually has small, bright yellow apothecia.^[5] Chrysothrix chlorina was traditionally used as a brown dye for wool in Scandinavia.^[6]

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by French botanist Camille Montagne in 1852, with Chrysothrix noli-tangere assigned as the type species.^[7]

In 2012, Jack Laundon submitted a formal proposal to conserve the name Chrysothrix against Alysphaeria, published 25 years earlier than Chrysothrix, citing the need for "nomenclatural stability".^[8] The proposal was accepted by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi in 2017, who noted that Chrysothrix was already conserved against Pulveraria.^[9]

Species

Chrysothrix bergeri LaGreca (2020)^[10] – southeastern United States; the Caribbean; Bermuda
Chrysothrix caesia (Flot.) Ertz & Tehler (2011)
Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R.Laundon (1981)^[11]
Chrysothrix chamaecyparicola Lendemer (2010)^[12] – eastern North America
Chrysothrix chilensis D.Liu & J.-S Hur (2018)^[13] – Chile
Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R.Laundon (1981)^[11]
Chrysothrix chrysophthalma (P.James) P.James & J.R.Laundon (1981)^[11]
Chrysothrix citrinella Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2017)
Chrysothrix fagicola Malíček & Vondrák (2023)^[14] – Europe
Chrysothrix flavovirens Tønsberg (1994)^[15]
Chrysothrix frischii Kalb (2001)^[16]
Chrysothrix galapagoana K.Knudsen & Bungartz (2013)^[17]
Chrysothrix granulosa G.Thor (1988)^[18] – South America
Chrysothrix insulizans R.C.Harris & Ladd (2008)^[19]
Chrysothrix noli-tangere (Mont.) Mont. (1852)
Chrysothrix occidentalis Elix & Kantvilas (2007)^[20] – Australia
Chrysothrix oceanica Räsänen (1944)^[21]
Chrysothrix onokoensis (Wolle) R.C.Harris & Ladd (2008)^[19]
Chrysothrix palaeophila Kantvilas & Elix (2007)^[20] – Australia
Chrysothrix pavonii (Fr.) J.R.Laundon (1981)^[11]
Chrysothrix placodioides G.Thor (1988)^[18] – South America
Chrysothrix septemseptata Jagad.Ram, Lumbsch, Lücking & G.P.Sinha (2006)^[22] – India
Chrysothrix susquehannensis Lendemer & Elix (2010)^[12] – eastern North America
Chrysothrix tchupalensis Elix & Kantvilas (2007)^[20] – Australia
Chrysothrix xanthina (Vain.) Kalb (2001)

References

^ "Synonymy: Chrysothrix Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 18: 312 (1852)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
^ May, Tom W. (2017). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 20". Taxon. 66 (2): 483–495. doi:10.12705/662.15.
^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:11336/151990.
^ Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press: New Haven. ISBN 0-300-08249-5
^ Uphof, J. C. T. 1959. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Hafner Publishing Co.: New York.
^ Montagne, J.P.F.C. (1852). "Diagnoses Phycologiae". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in French). 18: 302–319.
^ Laundon, Jack Rodney (2012). "(2100) Proposal to conserve Chrysothrix, nom. cons., against an additional name, Alysphaeria (lichenised Ascomycota)". Taxon. 61 (6): 1321. JSTOR 24389118.
^ May, Tom W. (2017). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi — 20". IMA Fungus. 8 (1): 189–203. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.01.12.
^ LaGreca, Scott (2020). "Chrysothrix bergeri (Ascomycota: Arthoniales: Chrysothricaceae), a new lichen species from the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and Bermuda". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (2): 509–514. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0029.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Laundon, J.R. (1981). "The species of Chrysothrix". The Lichenologist. 13 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1017/s0024282981000169.
^ ^a ^b Lendemer, J.C.; Elix, J.A. (2010). "Two new species of Chrysothrix from eastern North America". Opuscula Philolichenum. 8: 51–58.
^ Dong, Liu; Soon-Ok, Oh; Jung-Shin, Park; Jae-Seoun, Hur (2018). "New species and new record of genus Chrysothrix (Chrysotrichaceae, Arthoniales) from South Korea and Chile". Mycobiology. 46 (3): 185–191. doi:10.1080/12298093.2018.1509511. PMC 6171421. PMID 30294478.
^ Vondrák, Jan; Svoboda, Stanislav; Košnar, Jiří; Malíček, Jiří; Šoun, Jaroslav; Frolov, Ivan; Svensson, Måns; Novotný, Petr; Palice, Zdeněk (2023). "Martin7: a reference database of DNA barcodes for European epiphytic lichens and its taxonomic implications" (PDF). Preslia. 95 (3): 311–345. doi:10.23855/preslia.2023.311.
^ Tønsberg, T. (1994). "Chrysothrix flavovirens sp. nov. – the sorediate counterpart of C. chrysophthalma" (PDF). Graphis Scripta. 6 (1): 31–33.
^ Kalb, K. (2001). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. I". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 78: 141–167.
^ Knudsen, Kerry; Bungartz, Frank (2013). "Chrysothrix galapagoana, a new species from the Galapagos Islands". Opuscula Philolichenum. 12: 174–179.
^ ^a ^b Thor, Göran (1988). "Two new species of Chrysothrix from South America". The Bryologist. 91 (4): 360–363. doi:10.2307/3242777. JSTOR 3242777.
^ ^a ^b Harris, R.C.; Ladd, D. (2008). "The lichen genus Chrysothrix in the Ozark Ecoregion including a preliminary treatment for eastern and central North America". Opuscula Philolichenum. 5: 29–42.
^ ^a ^b ^c Elix, John A.; Kantvilas, Gintaras (2007). "The genus Chrysothrix in Australia". The Lichenologist. 39 (4): 361–369. doi:10.1017/s0024282907006998.
^ Räsänen, V. (1944). "Lichenes novi I". Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo". 20 (3): 1–34.
^ Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P.; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H.Thorsten (2006). "A new species of Chrysothrix (Arthoniales: Arthoniaceae) from India". The Lichenologist. 38 (2): 127–129. doi:10.1017/s0024282906005792.

[Species_Fungorum_synonymy-1] "Synonymy: Chrysothrix Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 18: 312 (1852)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 27 October 2021.

[May_2017-2] May, Tom W. (2017). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 20". Taxon. 66 (2): 483–495. doi:10.12705/662.15.

[Wijayawardene_et_al._2020-3] Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:11336/151990.

[SSFGCL-4] Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2

[Brodo2001-5] Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press: New Haven. ISBN 0-300-08249-5

[6] Uphof, J. C. T. 1959. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Hafner Publishing Co.: New York.

[Montagne_1852-7] Montagne, J.P.F.C. (1852). "Diagnoses Phycologiae". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in French). 18: 302–319.

[Laundon_2012-8] Laundon, Jack Rodney (2012). "(2100) Proposal to conserve Chrysothrix, nom. cons., against an additional name, Alysphaeria (lichenised Ascomycota)". Taxon. 61 (6): 1321. JSTOR 24389118.

[May_2017b-9] May, Tom W. (2017). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi — 20". IMA Fungus. 8 (1): 189–203. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.01.12.

[LaGreca_2020-10] LaGreca, Scott (2020). "Chrysothrix bergeri (Ascomycota: Arthoniales: Chrysothricaceae), a new lichen species from the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and Bermuda". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (2): 509–514. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0029.

[Laundon_1981-11] Laundon, J.R. (1981). "The species of Chrysothrix". The Lichenologist. 13 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1017/s0024282981000169.

[Lendemer_&_Elix_2010-12] Lendemer, J.C.; Elix, J.A. (2010). "Two new species of Chrysothrix from eastern North America". Opuscula Philolichenum. 8: 51–58.

[Dong_et_al._2018-13] Dong, Liu; Soon-Ok, Oh; Jung-Shin, Park; Jae-Seoun, Hur (2018). "New species and new record of genus Chrysothrix (Chrysotrichaceae, Arthoniales) from South Korea and Chile". Mycobiology. 46 (3): 185–191. doi:10.1080/12298093.2018.1509511. PMC 6171421. PMID 30294478.

[Vondrák_et_al._2023-14] Vondrák, Jan; Svoboda, Stanislav; Košnar, Jiří; Malíček, Jiří; Šoun, Jaroslav; Frolov, Ivan; Svensson, Måns; Novotný, Petr; Palice, Zdeněk (2023). "Martin7: a reference database of DNA barcodes for European epiphytic lichens and its taxonomic implications" (PDF). Preslia. 95 (3): 311–345. doi:10.23855/preslia.2023.311.

[Tønsberg_1994-15] Tønsberg, T. (1994). "Chrysothrix flavovirens sp. nov. – the sorediate counterpart of C. chrysophthalma" (PDF). Graphis Scripta. 6 (1): 31–33.

[Kalb_2001-16] Kalb, K. (2001). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. I". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 78: 141–167.

[Knudsen_&_Bungartz_2013-17] Knudsen, Kerry; Bungartz, Frank (2013). "Chrysothrix galapagoana, a new species from the Galapagos Islands". Opuscula Philolichenum. 12: 174–179.

[Thor_1988-18] Thor, Göran (1988). "Two new species of Chrysothrix from South America". The Bryologist. 91 (4): 360–363. doi:10.2307/3242777. JSTOR 3242777.

[Harris_&_Ladd_2008-19] Harris, R.C.; Ladd, D. (2008). "The lichen genus Chrysothrix in the Ozark Ecoregion including a preliminary treatment for eastern and central North America". Opuscula Philolichenum. 5: 29–42.

[Elix_&_Kantvilas_2007-20] Elix, John A.; Kantvilas, Gintaras (2007). "The genus Chrysothrix in Australia". The Lichenologist. 39 (4): 361–369. doi:10.1017/s0024282907006998.

[Räsänen_1944-21] Räsänen, V. (1944). "Lichenes novi I". Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo". 20 (3): 1–34.

[Jagadeesh_et_al._2006-22] Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P.; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H.Thorsten (2006). "A new species of Chrysothrix (Arthoniales: Arthoniaceae) from India". The Lichenologist. 38 (2): 127–129. doi:10.1017/s0024282906005792.

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