Carl Blechen

Carl Blechen
Self-portrait (1825)
Born	Carl Eduard Ferdinand Blechen (1798-07-29)29 July 1798 Cottbus, Kingdom of Prussia
Died	23 July 1840(1840-07-23) (aged 41) Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
Nationality	German
Occupation(s)	painter, professor

Carl Eduard Ferdinand Blechen (29 July 1798 – 23 July 1840) was a German landscape painter and a professor at the Academy of Arts, Berlin.^[1] His distinctive style was characteristic of the Romantic ideals of natural beauty.

Blechen was born in Cottbus. His father was a minor tax official from Regensburg, and his mother was a Sorb.^[2] From 1805 to 1815 he attended the Lyceum at the Oberkirche St.Nikolai in Cottbus. His parents could not afford to pay for any further education, so they apprenticed him to a banker and he was engaged in that profession until 1822, when an increasing interest in art led him to the Berlin Academy.^[1]

After a short study trip to Dresden and Saxon Switzerland, he returned to Berlin and obtained a position as a decorator for the Royal Theater on the Alexanderplatz. He married in 1824 and became a member of the Berlin Artists' Association in 1827. Later that year, he was dismissed from the Theater because of an ongoing dispute with singer Henriette Sontag. After that, he tried to support himself as a free-lance artist. In 1828, he took a study trip to the Baltic Sea, followed by a trip to Italy which produced hundreds of sketches that were later elaborated in his Berlin studio. He had been deeply impressed by the landscapes there and altered his entire manner of painting to reflect what he had seen.^[1]

In 1831, upon the recommendation of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, he was appointed Professor of Landscape Painting at the Berlin Academy. Despite this appointment, King Frederick William III commissioned Blechen to paint The Interior of the Palm House on the Pfaueninsel Near Potsdam, an indoor scene rather than an outdoor landscape.^[3] In 1835 he became a full member of the Academy and took a study trip to Paris. It was then that the first symptoms of his mental illness appeared.^[1]

His condition deteriorated and he suffered severe bouts of depression that forced him to take a leave of absence from the Academy in 1836. The following year, he had to be admitted to a hospital. He was able to make one final trip to Dresden, where he made his last drawings. He died four years later, in Berlin, in a state of total mental derangement. He was buried in the Holy Trinity Cemetery (II), but the exact location is no longer known. He is commemorated with a plaque on the cemetery wall.

A street, a park and an elementary school in Cottbus were named after him. In 2008, the school building became part of the "Blechen Carré [de]", a major shopping center.^[4] Most of his works are in private collections. He was one of the first European painters to represent early industrialization as part of his landscapes.^[5]

In 2005, the German Restitution Commission recommended that the German Federal Government restitute three paintings by Blechen to the heirs of Julius and Clara Freund, who were persecuted as Jews by the Nazi regime, and had fled to England in 1939.^[6]

In 2008, the Blechen "Scene of a forest with a castle, on the water front " was identified in a Sotheby's auction catalogue by the family of Alfred Sommerguth, a German Jewish art collector persecuted by the Nazis. Sommerguth had "fled to Cuba in 1941 at the age of 82, before reaching New York where he died a destitute in 1950".^[7] The painting was removed from the sale and returned to the heirs.

In 2012 the Blechen, “Hoehenzug mit blauen Schatten” (Mountain Range With Blue Shadows), was restituted to the heirs of Martha Liebermann, who took poison at the age of 85 to escape deportation to a Nazi concentration camp.^[8] Seized by the Nazis and intended for Adolf Hitler's planned “Fuehrermuseum, they were handed to the German government by the Allies after World War II on the understanding that they would be returned to the original owner.^[8] Instead, it was classified as "property of the Federal Republic of Germany" and kept.^[9]

In 2014 the Staatliche Kunstsammlung Karlsruhe discovered the Nazi-era history of Blechen’s Santa Scholastica and restituted the artwork to the heirs of the Jewish publisher and art collector Rudolf Mosse.^[10]

In 2016, however, the Austrian Art Restitution Advisory Board decided against restituting three works by Blechen in the Albertina. They had belonged to Julius Freund.^[11]

• 
  In the Berlin Tiergarten, 1825
• 
  Forest path near Spandau, 1835
• 
  Building the Teufelsbrücke, 1830–32
• 
  View of Assisi 1832-35
• 
  Marina Grande, Capri, 1829
• 
  Gorge near Amalfi, 1831
• 
  In Villa d'Este Park, 1830
• 
  The Interior of the Palm House on the Pfaueninsel Near Potsdam, 1834

• Trudla Malinkowa, Sorbische Denkmale, Domowina, Bautzen (2021) ISBN 978-3-7420-2647-7
• Robert Dohme (1875), "Blechen, Karl Eduard Ferdinand", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 2, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 700–701
• Irma Emmrich, Carl Blechen, Verlag der Kunst, Dresden (1989)
• Carl Blechen. Zwischen Romantik und Realismus, Exhibition Catalog from the Berliner Nationalgalerie, Prestel Verlag, Munich (1989)
• Carl Blechen. Bilder aus Italien, Bezirksmuseum Cottbus, Schloss Branitz, Cottbus (1990)
• Beate Schneider, Carl Blechen, Niederlausitzer Landesmuseum Cottbus, E. A. Seemann, Leipzig (1993)
• Heino R. Möller, Carl Blechen, from Romantische Malerei und Ironie, Alfter (1995)
• Barbara Baumüller, Gerd-Helge Vogel (eds.), Carl Blechen (1798-1840). Grenzerfahrungen - Grenzüberschreitungen, Greifswalder Romantikkonferenz, Steinbecker Verlag Rose, Greifswald (2000) ISBN 978-3-931483-24-1
• Beate Schneider, Reinhard Wegner(eds.), Die neue Wirklichkeit der Bilder. Carl Blechen im Spannungsfeld der Forschung, Lukas, Berlin (2008) ISBN 978-3-86732-044-3
• O'Neill, J (ed.). German masters of the nineteenth century : paintings and drawings from the Federal Republic of Germany. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (1981)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Blechen.

• Carl Blechen Gesellschaft e.V. Cottbus (in German)
• Werke von Carl Blechen @ Digitales Belvedere
• Literature by and about Carl Blechen in the German National Library catalogue
• "Works by Carl Blechen". Zeno.org (in German).