Chicago race riot of 1919: Difference between revisions
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[[image:Chicago_Race_Riot_1919.gif|thumb|A map of the riot-affected areas on the South Side of Chicago, with the [[Union Stock Yards]] visible. North is to the right.]] |
[[image:Chicago_Race_Riot_1919.gif|thumb|A map of the riot-affected areas on the South Side of Chicago, with the [[Union Stock Yards]] visible. North is to the right.]] |
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''' |
'''Chicago Race Riot of 1919''' was a major racial conflict that began in [[Chicago]] on [[July 27]], [[1919]]. It lasted for several days and ended only after nearly 6,000 [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] troops were deployed to put an end to the violence on the night of July . Most of the rioting, murder, and arson was concentrated in the city's [[Black Belt (region of Chicago)|Black Belt]], but violent conflict occurred in areas throughout the city, including the [[Chicago Loop]]. The riot left 38 people dead, 537 injured and approximately 1000 homeless. |
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==Background== |
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[[Image:chicago-race-riot.jpg|frame|left|A white gang looking for blacks during the [[Chicago Race Riot of 1919]]]] |
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Unlike [[Southern United States|southern]] cities until the 1960s, Chicago did not [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregate]] most public accommodations.<ref name=TCRR/> In fact, according to [[Walter Francis White]], pre-1915 Chicago was reputed for its equitable treatment of Negroes in general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4978|accessdate=2007-08-27|year=1919|month=October|title=“Chicago and Its Eight Reasons”: Walter White Considers the Causes of the 1919 Chicago Race Riot|publisher=History Matters|work=Crisis}}</ref> However, early 20th-century [[Chicago beaches]] were segregated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/300066.html|title=Race Divisions on Public Beaches (page 1)|author=|work=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago|date=2005|publisher=Chicago Historical Society}}</ref> |
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After an inquest on the cause of death by the [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook County]] Coroner's Office which took 70 day sessions, 20 night sessions and 450 witnesses examinations, their report stated the finding that on [[July 27]] [[1919]] Eugene Williams, a Black youth, drowned after tiring of holding onto a railroad tie during a stone throwing melee between blacks and whites on the 29th Street beach in the city's [[Douglas, Chicago|Douglas]] community. A witness recalled a single white male standing on a breakwater 75 feet from their raft, throwing rocks at them. Eugene was struck in the forehead; he panicked and drowned. The assailant ran toward 29th Street, but rioting had already erupted there regarding blacks who wanted to use the beach in defiance of its tacit segregation. The rioting escalated when a white police officer refused to arrest the white man who threw the stone earlier and instead arrested a black individual. Anger over this, coupled with Eugene Williams' death, led to five days of rioting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/riots_race.html|accessdate=2007-08-25|year=2006|month=February|publisher=Chicago Public Library||title=1919: Race Riots|author=O'Brien, Ellen and Lyle Benedict}}</ref> |
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Early reports with details of injuries and incidences showed injuries to [[Chicago Police Department|Chicago Police]] officers and a [[Chicago Fire Department|Chicago fireman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4975/|accessdate=2007-08-27|date=1919-07-28|title="A Crowd of Howling Negroes": The Chicago Daily Tribune Reports the Chicago Race Riot, 1919|publisher=History Matters|work=Chicago Daily Tribune}}</ref> Roaming gangs of [[Bridgeport, Chicago|Bridgeport]] whites perpetrated much of the violence, led by a group known as the Hamburg Athletic Club, whose members included a 17-year-old [[Richard J. Daley]], who eventually served as the city's mayor from 1955 to 1976.<ref name = ChiHI>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagohistory.info/stories/daley/racism.html|title=Richard J. Daley: A Separate World (page 7)|author=Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor |work=Chicago History Information|date=2000|publisher=chicagohistory.info|accessdate=2007-08-26}}</ref> No whites were ever indicted or prosecuted for any of the murders. Daley was soon elected leader of the Hamburg Athletic Club, and never confirmed or denied that he was involved in the violence.<ref name = ChiHI/> |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*Tuttle, William. ''Race Riot Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919'' (Urbana, IL; University of Illinois Press, 1970) |
*Tuttle, William. ''Race Riot Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919'' (Urbana, IL; University of Illinois Press, 1970) |
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*Spear, Allan. ''Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto 1890-1920'' (Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Press, 1967) |
*Spear, Allan. ''Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto 1890-1920'' (Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Press, 1967) |
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*Sandburg, Carl. |
*Sandburg, Carl. ''The Chicago Race Riots July 1919'' (New York; Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969) |
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*The Chicago Commission on Race Relations. ''The Negro in Chicago'' (Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Press, 1922) |
*The Chicago Commission on Race Relations. ''The Negro in Chicago'' (Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Press, 1922) |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/riots_race.html |
*[http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/riots_race.html CPL Chicago1919 Race Riots] |
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*[http://chicago.urban-history.org/evt/evt01/evt0100.shtml Jazz Age Chicago-The Chicago Race Riot of 1919] |
*[http://chicago.urban-history.org/evt/evt01/evt0100.shtml Jazz Age Chicago-The Chicago Race Riot of 1919] |
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{{Chicago}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Red Summer of 1919]] |
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*[[Mass racial violence in the United States]] |
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[[Category:History of Chicago]] |
[[Category:History of Chicago]] |
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[[Category:Racially motivated violence in the United States]] |
[[Category:Racially motivated violence in the United States]] |
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[[Category:1919 in the United States]] |
[[Category:1919 in the United States]] |
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Revision as of 00:36, 29 August 2007
The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 was a major racial conflict that began in Chicago, Illinois on July 27 1919 and ended on August 3.[1] It is considered to be the worst of the approximately 25 riots during the Red Summer of 1919.[2] It lasted for several days and ended only after nearly 6,000 National Guard troops were deployed to put an end to the violence on the night of July 30. Most of the rioting, murder, and arson was concentrated in the city's Black Belt, but violent conflict occurred in areas throughout the city, including the Chicago Loop. The riot left 38 people dead (23 African Americans and 15 Caucasians),[3] 537 injured (342 African-Americans)[4] and approximately 1000 homeless.
Background
Unlike southern cities until the 1960s, Chicago did not segregate most public accommodations.[3] In fact, according to Walter Francis White, pre-1915 Chicago was reputed for its equitable treatment of Negroes in general.[5] However, early 20th-century Chicago beaches were segregated.[6]
After an inquest on the cause of death by the Cook County Coroner's Office which took 70 day sessions, 20 night sessions and 450 witnesses examinations, their report stated the finding that on July 27 1919 Eugene Williams, a Black youth, drowned after tiring of holding onto a railroad tie during a stone throwing melee between blacks and whites on the 29th Street beach in the city's Douglas community. A witness recalled a single white male standing on a breakwater 75 feet from their raft, throwing rocks at them. Eugene was struck in the forehead; he panicked and drowned. The assailant ran toward 29th Street, but rioting had already erupted there regarding blacks who wanted to use the beach in defiance of its tacit segregation. The rioting escalated when a white police officer refused to arrest the white man who threw the stone earlier and instead arrested a black individual. Anger over this, coupled with Eugene Williams' death, led to five days of rioting.[7]
Early reports with details of injuries and incidences showed injuries to Chicago Police officers and a Chicago fireman.[8] Roaming gangs of Bridgeport whites perpetrated much of the violence, led by a group known as the Hamburg Athletic Club, whose members included a 17-year-old Richard J. Daley, who eventually served as the city's mayor from 1955 to 1976.[9] No whites were ever indicted or prosecuted for any of the murders. Daley was soon elected leader of the Hamburg Athletic Club, and never confirmed or denied that he was involved in the violence.[9]
Notes
- ^ Essig, Steven (2005). "Race Riots". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.
- ^ "Chicago Race Riot of 1919". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
- ^ a b Sandburg, Carl (2005). "The Chicago Race Riots, July 1919". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.
- ^ "Homicide in Chicago 1919: The Race Riot". Northwestern University School of Law. 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
- ^ ""Chicago and Its Eight Reasons": Walter White Considers the Causes of the 1919 Chicago Race Riot". Crisis. History Matters. 1919. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Race Divisions on Public Beaches (page 1)". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2005.
- ^ O'Brien, Ellen and Lyle Benedict (2006). "1919: Race Riots". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ ""A Crowd of Howling Negroes": The Chicago Daily Tribune Reports the Chicago Race Riot, 1919". Chicago Daily Tribune. History Matters. 1919-07-28. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
- ^ a b Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor (2000). "Richard J. Daley: A Separate World (page 7)". Chicago History Information. chicagohistory.info. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
References
- Tuttle, William. Race Riot Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (Urbana, IL; University of Illinois Press, 1970)
- Spear, Allan. Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto 1890-1920 (Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Press, 1967)
- Sandburg, Carl. The Chicago Race Riots July 1919 (New York; Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969)
- The Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago (Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Press, 1922)
