Wikipedia

Vikrant-class aircraft carrier

For the decommissioned Majestic-class aircraft carrier, see INS Vikrant (R11).

The Vikrant class (formerly Project 71 Air Defence Ship (ADS) or Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC)) is a class of aircraft carrier being built for the Indian Navy. The class represents the largest warships and the first aircraft carriers to be designed and built in India.

INS Vikrant under construction.
Class overview
NameVikrant-class aircraft carrier
BuildersCochin Shipyard Limited
Operators
Indian Navy Ensign
Indian Navy Ensign
Indian Navy
Preceded byINS Vikramaditya
Succeeded byINS Vishal
In service2022–present
Planned2[1][2][3]
Completed1
Active1
General characteristics
TypeAircraft carrier
Displacement44,000 t (43,000 long tons)
Length262 metres (859 ft 7 in)
Beam62 metres (203 ft 5 in)
Draught8.4 metres (27 ft 7 in)
Depth25.6 metres (84 ft 0 in)
Decks2.5 acres (110,000 sq ft; 10,000 m2)
Propulsion
Speed28 kn (52 km/h)
Range8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km)[4]
Complement1,400 (including air crew)
Sensors and
processing systems
Electronic warfare
& decoys		C/D band early air-warning radar[4]
Armament
Aircraft carried

Preparations for building the lead vessel of the class, INS Vikrant, started in 2008, and the keel was laid in February 2009. The carrier was floated out of its dry dock on 29 December 2011,[7] launched on 12 August 2013 and commissioned on 2 September 2022.[8] [9] The scale and complexity of the project caused problems which delayed the commencement and timeline of construction for the carrier. Technical difficulties, the cost of refitting the Russian-built carrier INS Vikramaditya, and billions in cost overruns[10] delayed plans for the first of the vessels to enter service.[11]

Background

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A schematic representation of Vikrant's flight deck.

In 1989 India announced a plan to replace its ageing British-built aircraft carriers, Vikrant and Viraat, with two new 28,000 ton Air Defence Ships (ADS) that would operate the BAe Sea Harrier aircraft. The first vessel was to replace Vikrant, which was set to decommission in early 1997. Construction of the ADS was to start at the Cochin Shipyard (CSL) in 1993 after the Indian Naval Design Organisation had translated this design study into a production model. Following the 1991 economic crisis, the plans for construction of the vessels were put on hold indefinitely.

In 1999, then Defence Minister George Fernandes revived the project and sanctioned the construction of the Project 71 ADS.[12] By that time, given the ageing Sea Harrier fleet, the letter of intent called for a carrier that would carry more modern jet fighters. In 2001, CSL released a graphic illustration showing the 32,000-ton STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) design with a pronounced ski jump.[13] The aircraft carrier project finally received formal government approval in January 2003. By then, design updates called for a 37,500 ton carrier to operate the MiG-29K. India opted for a three-carrier fleet consisting of one carrier battle group stationed on each seaboard, and a third carrier held in reserve, in order to continuously protect both its flanks, to protect economic interests and mercantile traffic, and to provide humanitarian platforms in times of disasters, since a carrier can provide a self-generating supply of fresh water, medical assistance or engineering expertise to populations in need for assistance.[14]

In August 2006, then Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Arun Prakash stated that the designation for the vessel had been changed from Air Defence Ship (ADS) to Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC). The euphemistic ADS had been adopted in planning stages to ward off concerns about a naval build-up. Final revisions to the design increased the displacement of the carriers from 37,500 tons to over 40,000 tons. The length of the ship also increased from 252 metres (827 ft) to over 260 metres (850 ft).[15]

Design and description

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INS Vikrant

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Main article: INS Vikrant (2013)

The first ship of the class, Vikrant, displaces about 40,000 metric tons (39,000 long tons), is 262 metres (859 ft 7 in) long and has a tailored air group of up to thirty aircraft. The IAC-I features a STOBAR[16] (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) configuration with a ski-jump. The deck is designed to enable aircraft such as the MiG-29K to operate from the carrier. It will deploy up to 30 fixed-wing aircraft,[17] primarily the Mikoyan MiG-29K, besides carrying 10 Kamov Ka-31 or Westland Sea King helicopters. The Ka-31 will fulfill the airborne early warning (AEW) role and the Sea King will provide anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability.[18][19]

IAC-2

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Following the formal commissioning of Vikrant, a proposal was made to build another IAC-class carrier before INS Vishal. By November 2023, a ₹400 billion worth proposal for a new carrier was on track to be approved by the Defense Acquisition Council — the country's top defense decision-making body headed by Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh.[20][21]

The new carrier, which can hold at least 28 fighter jets and helicopters will displace 45,000 tons of water and will be flying the French Rafale jets initially, but will fly HAL TEDBF fighters in 2030s.[22]

As of March 2024, Indian Navy has been submitted the proposal to acquire another aircraft carrier to Ministry of Defence. IAC-2 will have an increased indigenous content than INS Vikrant (IAC-1). The major components which will be indigenised includes arresting gear system, restraining gear used to launch aircraft and precision approach radar.[23][24]

 
INS Vikrant during its launch in August 2013

The carrier is powered by four General Electric LM2500 gas turbines on two shafts, generating over 80MW of power. The gearboxes for the carriers were designed and supplied by Elecon Engineering.[7][25] [26]

Carrier air group

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Naval variant of Tejas taking-off during test-flight from a shore-based ski-jump facility at INS Hansa, Goa

India considered a number of aircraft for operation from its INS Vikramaditya and the planned indigenous aircraft carrier. India evaluated the Russian Sukhoi Su-33, but chose the lighter Mikoyan MiG-29K as Vikramaditya was smaller and lacked an aircraft catapult.[27] On 18 January 2010, it was reported that India and Russia were close to signing a deal for 29 MiG-29K fighters to operate from IAC-I.[28] In addition, the navy signed a deal for six naval-variants of the HAL Tejas.[29] In June 2012, Flight Global reported that the Indian Navy was considering the use of Rafale M (Naval variant) on these carriers.[30]

In December 2016, the navy announced that the HAL Tejas is overweight for carrier operations, and other alternatives will be looked at.[31][32]

Construction

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INS Vikrant during its undocking in June 2015

Amongst the first construction problems experienced was the lack of supply of carrier-grade steel due to the inability of Russia to supply the AB/A grade steel. Finally, the Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) worked with the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) to create suitable production facilities for the steel in India.[7][18] The SAIL Steel Plants of the Steel at Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur and Bokaro manufactured 26,000 tonnes of three special steels being used for the hull, flight deck and floor compartments of the carrier.[33]

The keel for Vikrant was laid by Defence Minister A.K. Antony at the Cochin Shipyard on 28 February 2009.[34][35] The ship uses modular construction, with 874 blocks joined together for the hull. By the time the keel was laid, 423 blocks weighing over 8,000 tonnes had been completed.[36] The construction plan called for the carrier to be launched in 2010, when it would displace some 20,000 tonnes, as a larger displacement could not be accommodated in the building bay. It was planned that after about a year’s development in the refit dock, the carrier would be launched when all the major components, including underwater systems, would be in place. Outfitting would then be carried out after launch. As per the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), sea trials were initially planned to commence in 2013, with the ship to be commissioned in 2014.[37][38]

In March 2011, it was reported that the project had been affected by the delay in delivery of the huge main gearboxes for the carrier. The supplier, Elecon Engineering, had to work around a number of technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts.[39] Other issues resulting in delays included an accident with a diesel generator and an issue with its alignment.[40] In August 2011, the defence ministry reported to the Lok Sabha that 75% of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011, following which further works would be completed until commissioning.[41][42] On 29 December 2011, the completed hull of the carrier was first floated out of its dry dock at CSL, with its displacement at over 14,000 tonnes.[25] Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012, when it would again be dry-docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems.[4][7]

In July 2012, The Times of India reported that construction of Vikrant has been delayed by 3 years, and the ship would be ready for commissioning by 2017. Then again in November 2012, NDTV reported that cost of the aircraft carrier had increased and the delivery has been delayed by at least five years and is expected to be with the Indian Navy only after 2018 as against the scheduled date of delivery of 2014.[43] Work has begun for next stage which includes installation of the integrated propulsion system. Italian defence company Avio is installing the integrated platform management system (IPMS).[44]

In July 2016, the Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG) published a 2014 project plan, supplied by the Cochin Shipyard, that shows an expected completion date in 2023, though the Navy hopes to partially commission the ship before this date.[11]

Vikrant's launch

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In July 2013, Defence Minister A K Antony announced that Vikrant would be launched on 12 August at the Cochin Shipyard. After its launch, Vikrant would be re-docked for completion of rest of the work including the flight deck. According to Vice Admiral Robin Dhowan, about 83% of the fabrication work and 75% of the construction work has been completed. He said that 90% of the body work of the aircraft carrier had been designed and made in India, about 50% of the propulsion system, and about 30% of the fighting capability of the carrier was Indian. He also said that the ship will be equipped with a long range missile system with multi-function radar and a close-in weapon system (CIWS). The ship was launched by Elizabeth Antony, wife of Defence Minister A K Antony on 12 August 2013.[45]

Ships of the class

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Name Pennant Tonnage Laid down Launched Sea trials Commissioning Details
Vikrant TBD 40,000 28 February 2009 12 August 2013[46] 2019 [45] 2022[8] Active in service
IAC-2 TBD 45,000 TBD TBD TBD TBD

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "'India speeds up the design of second domestic aircraft carrier". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.
  2. ^ "Indian Navy seeks EMALS system for second Vikrant-class aircraft carrier". 29 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013.
  3. ^ "India eyes US aircraft carrier technology as arms ties deepen". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "India Floats out Its First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 'INS Vikrant' From Cochin". defencenow.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015.
  5. ^ "List of Aircraft Carriers Under Construction: 2013". World Defense Review. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  6. ^ "Indians Discuss Future Carrier Plans". Aviation International News. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d "Navy floats out first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier". The Hindu. 30 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  8. ^ a b "PM Commissions INS Vikrant". Press Trust of India. 2 September 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  9. ^ India launches first indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Times of India 12 August 2013
  10. ^ "Should India Be Building Another Carrier?". Defense News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  11. ^ a b Pandit, Rajat (27 July 2016). "India without aircraft carrier for 8 months". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  12. ^ "Indian Aircraft Carrier (Project-71)". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012.
  13. ^ John Pike. "Air Defense Ship". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  14. ^ "India's Future Aircraft Carrier Force and the Need for Strategic Flexibility". idsa.in. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013.
  15. ^ "Antony lays keel of first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier". Pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 14 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  16. ^ "Comparison of Chinese Aircraft Carrier Liaoning and Indian INS Vikrant". The World Reporter. 25 August 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Force Projection and Modernization of Indian Navy". SP's Naval Forces. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Keel-laying of indigenous aircraft carrier in December". The Hindu. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  19. ^ Rakesh Krishnan Simha (5 December 2012). "Vikramaditya and Liaoning - forces of the future". Russia & India Report. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  20. ^ "India to add $5 billion aircraft carrier to fleet to counter China". The Times of India. 28 November 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  21. ^ Sen, Sudhi Ranjan (28 November 2023). "India to Add $5 Billion Aircraft Carrier to Fleet to Counter China". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  22. ^ Ray, Kaylan (28 November 2023). "Indian Navy's proposal on second indigenous aircraft carrier cleared by Defence Procurement Board". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  23. ^ Menon, Adithya Krishna (9 October 2023). "India Closer to Procuring Third Aircraft Carrier, More MPA". Naval News. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  24. ^ "Indian Navy proposes 2nd Aircraft Carrier to bolster self-reliance in defence". ddnews.gov.in. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  25. ^ a b "Elecon to supply gears for India's first aircraft carrier". Business Standard. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  26. ^ "Vikramaditya and Liaoning - forces of the future". IndRus. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  27. ^ "MiG-29 Shuts Down The Su-33". 13 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  28. ^ Pandit, Rajat (18 January 2010). "India, Russia to ink $1.2 bn deal for 29 more MiG-29Ks". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  29. ^ Sandeep Unnithan (2 December 2009). "First indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched next year: Navy chief: LATEST HEADLINES: India Today". India Today. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  30. ^ "IAC enters trial as navy eyes Rafale". Flight magazine. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  31. ^ "Navy rejects Tejas, says 'overweight' fighter does not meet its requirements". The Times of India. 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  32. ^ "Navy rules out deploying 'overweight' Tejas on aircraft carriers". The Indian Express. 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  33. ^ "INS Vikrant's first victory: being built from Indian steel". Business Standard. 7 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  34. ^ "India overhauls coastal security, Navy gets charge". NDTV.com. 28 February 2009. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  35. ^ "India to lay keel of new aircraft carrier on Saturday". RIA Novosti. 26 February 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  36. ^ "India joins elite warships club". Deccan Herald. 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  37. ^ Sandeep Unnithan (18 February 2009). "Keel laying of indigenous aircraft carrier next week". India Today. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  38. ^ "Indigenous Aircraft Carrier's nucleus ready - India - DNA". Daily News and Analysis. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  39. ^ "Indigenous aircraft carrier a year behind schedule". The Hindu. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  40. ^ "INS Arihant on track". The Hindu. 3 December 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  41. ^ "Indigenous aircraft carrier launch this Dec". Zee News. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015.
  42. ^ First indigenous aircraft carrier to be completed by Dec: Govt, IBN Live News Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Sudhi Ranjan Sen (20 November 2012). "Indian aircraft carrier: More costly, already delayed". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014.
  44. ^ "Indian Carrier Sails from Russia for Final Sea Trials". 8 July 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  45. ^ a b "Hopeful of getting INS Vikrant by 2020, says Navy chief". The Indian Express. Express News Service. 1 June 2017.
  46. ^ "Indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched in August: AK Antony". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
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