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The Scandinavian defence union was a historical idea to establish a military alliance between Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark after the end of World War II, but the idea did not come about when Denmark, Iceland and Norway joined NATO in 1949 at the request of the United States, while Finland and Sweden did not.
Historically, Finland had fought two wars against the Soviet Union, Denmark and Norway had been occupied by Germany between 1940 and 1945, and Sweden, having been a neutral state throughout the war, had still felt the effects on either side.
In the 2000s, military cooperation between the Nordic nations increased, especially through Nordefco. It has generally not been regarded as a mutual defence union, but since the 2010s an increasing number of defence agreements were implemented. In 2022, Finland and Sweden requested to join NATO.
The governments of the three Nordic NATO members released statements saying that they would use all necessary means in the defence of Finland and Sweden if they were attacked before they became members. Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023 and Sweden on 7 March 2024.
National positions and chosen strategies
editFinland
editFinland had fought two wars, the Winter War and the Continuation War, against the Soviet Union; and also one minor war, the Lapland War, against Nazi Germany. Before these wars Finland had close relations with the Scandinavian countries. After the Continuation War where the Soviet Union forced Finland to sue for peace, but failed in its goal[citation needed] of conquering and annexing the country (in a manner similar to the Baltic States),
Finland became neutral and retained a democratic government and a market economy. However, as the country shared 1,300 kilometres of border with the USSR, the position of the Soviet Union could not be ignored in Finnish politics. Regarding the Finnish membership in the Scandinavian defence union, far reaching discussions at state-level were made with the other candidate countries.
These discussions were abruptly ended, when Sweden made a specific requirement, that approval from the Soviet Union must be received if Finland was to join. The Soviet answer was bluntly negative and Finland stayed neutral. In 1948, Finland had signed the Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union, and according to the Soviet point of view, this agreement prohibited Finland's membership in any alliances that it could consider being of military nature, even in those created for defensive reasons.
Denmark and Iceland
editBoth Denmark and Iceland showed a clear preference for joining the Scandinavian Defence Union over NATO.[1][2] According to a 2018 literature review, the reasons why Danes preferred a Scandinavian military alliance over a North-Atlantic one were "ideology (pan-Scandinavianism), the domestic political situation, a strong belief in Swedish military power, and, especially given the different policies of the three Nordic countries, various lessons drawn from the Second World War."[1]
Norway and Denmark
editThe proposed union was discussed by a joint Scandinavian committee during the winter of 1948-1949, but the Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, and preparations for a western alliance that would result in the North Atlantic Treaty proved that the efforts were in vain. When it became known that the western alliance would not be able to supply the Scandinavian countries with armaments before meeting their own pressing needs, this issue ultimately proved to be the turning point for Norway, which resigned from the talks. Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal failed. Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO.
Sweden
editSweden chose not to join NATO, despite a fierce debate on the issue. One of the strongest proponents was Herbert Tingsten, editor-in-chief of Dagens Nyheter, the largest newspaper in Sweden, who used editorials to argue why Sweden should join. He found a great opponent in the foreign minister of the time Östen Undén, who argued that Sweden should stay non-aligned and remain neutral in case of war. The position of Sweden as a member of the western world was not in doubt, but it could not, based on the choices it had made on foreign policy, join the western military alliance.
Later developments
editNordic Battlegroup
editWhilst not a defence union, the Nordic Battlegroup is a multi-national military unit. It is one of eighteen European Union Battlegroups that support European Union defence and security objectives. It consists of around 2,500 troops from Sweden, Finland, Norway, Ireland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.[3]
Nordic Defence Cooperation
editThe Nordic Defence Cooperation (Nordefco) is an ad-hoc collaboration established between the Nordic countries in 2009 for finding common solutions, strengthening the national defences and increasing cooperation between them. It has not generally been seen as a mutual defence pact and it is not regarded as a command structure, but its members have increasingly added features that show some resemblance to a defence pact. In 2021, the defence ministers of Denmark, Norway and Sweden signed an agreement of increased cooperation among their militaries with a coordination structure that would make it easier to "act together in peace, crisis or conflict" in the southern Nordic region,[4][5] and in 2022 it was agreed to further enhance the capabilities by allowing access to each other's airspace and military infrastructure.[6]
A similar agreement for the northern Nordic region already existed between Finland, Norway and Sweden, which was further updated in 2022.[7] Following Finland's and Sweden's request to join NATO, Denmark, Iceland and Norway released a statement saying that in the case of an attack on Finland or Sweden before they had become part of NATO, all necessary means would be used to help in their defence.[8][9] Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023.[10] and Sweden on 7 March 2024.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Olesen, Mikkel Runge (2018). "To Balance or Not to Balance: How Denmark Almost Stayed out of NATO, 1948–1949". Journal of Cold War Studies. 20 (2): 63–98. doi:10.1162/jcws_a_00818. ISSN 1520-3972.
- ^ Thorhallsson, Baldur; Steinsson, Sverrir; Kristinsson, Thorsteinn (2018). "A Theory of Shelter: Iceland's American Period (1941–2006)". Scandinavian Journal of History. 43 (4): 539–563. doi:10.1080/03468755.2018.1467078. S2CID 150053547.
- ^ "Nordic battlegroup - Swedish Armed Forces". Archived from the original on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
- ^ "Danmark, Norge og Sverige laver aftale om forstærket samarbejde på forsvarsområdet". regeringen.dk. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Sweden, Denmark and Norway sign a defence cooperation agreement". Euractiv. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Ruslands aggression har kun fået Danmark, Sverige og Norge til at rykke tættere sammen, pointerer ministre". AvisenDanmark. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Defence Ministers of Finland, Norway and Sweden signed an updated trilateral Statement of Intent". government.se. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Felles nordisk støtte til Finland og Sverige". regjeringen.no. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Fælles udtalelse om sikkerhedsforsikringer til Finland og Sverige". stm.dk. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Cook, Lorne; Lee, Matthew (5 April 2023). "Finland joins NATO in major blow to Russia over Ukraine war". Associated Press. Retrieved 7 April 2023.