Wikipedia

Same-sex marriage in Mexico City

Same-sex marriage is legal in Mexico City, having been approved by its Legislative Assembly on 21 December 2009, and signed into law by Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard on 29 December 2009.[1] The law became effective on 4 March 2010.[2] Mexico City was the first jurisdiction in Mexico to legalize same-sex marriage, and the first in Latin America to do so, followed by Argentina in July 2010.

Civil unions, known as sociedades de convivencia in Spanish, which offer some of the rights, benefits and obligations of marriage, have been recognized for same-sex couples since March 2007.

Civil unions

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Being the seat of the Powers of the Union, Mexico City did not belong to any particular state but to all. After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect the Head of Government of Mexico City and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly (ALCDMX) by popular vote in 1997. For the following two decades, the center-left Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) controlled both political powers.

In the early 2000s, Enoé Uranga, an openly lesbian politician and activist, unsuccessfully pushed a bill that would have legalized same-sex civil unions in Mexico City under the name Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia.[3] Despite being passed four times by legislative commissions, the bill repeatedly got stuck in plenary voting for its sensitive nature, which could be attributed to widespread opposition from right-wing groups and Head of Government Andrés Manuel López Obrador's ambiguity concerning the bill.[4] Nonetheless, as new left-wing Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard was expected to take power in December 2006, the Assembly decided to take up the bill and approved it in a 43–17 vote on 9 November 2006.[4]

Political party Members Yes No Abstain Absent
  Party of the Democratic Revolution 34 33 1
  National Action Party 17 16 1
  Institutional Revolutionary Party 4 4
  New Alliance Party 4 2 1 1
  Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 3 3
  Social Democratic Party 2 2
  Labor Party 1 1
  Convergence 1 1
Total 66 43 17 5 1

The law was well received by feminist and LGBT groups, including Emilio Álvarez Icaza, then-chairman of Mexico City's Human Rights Commission, who declared that "the law was not a threat to anyone in particular, and that it will be a matter of time before it shows positive consequences for different social groups." It was strongly opposed by right-wing groups such as the National Parents' Union and the Roman Catholic Church, which labeled the assemblymen who voted for the law as "sinners", and complained it was "vengeance against the Catholic Church from the more radical groups from the left, who felt it was a demand for justice."[4]

The law officially took effect on 16 March 2007.[5] Mexico City's first same-sex civil union was between Jorge Cerpa, a 31-year-old economist, and Antonio Medina, a 38-year-old journalist.[5] By December 2009, 736 same-sex civil unions had taken place in the city, of which 24 (3%) had been annulled.[6]

Same-sex marriage

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On 24 November 2009, PRD Assemblyman David Razú proposed a bill that would legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico City. According to Razú, "gays and lesbians pay taxes like everyone else, obey the law like everyone else, build the city like everyone else, and there is no reason they should have a different and special set of rules."[7] The bill sought to modify the definition of marriage contained in the Civil Code using gender-neutral language. Razú added that the bill was "to be in agreement with Article 1 of the Constitution of Mexico, which says that no person can be discriminated against for any reason, and with Article 2 of the Civil Code, which says that no person can be deprived of the exercise of their rights for reasons of sexual orientation."[7]

Assemblyman Emiliano Aguilar (PRI) was criticized for giving out homophobic pamphlets, which showed transgender prostitutes with the inscription "Lawmaker, would you like to see your children ending up like this? Do not promote homosexuality."[8] Luis González Plascencia, chairman of the Human Rights Commission of Mexico City, backed the bill and said it was up to the Legislative Assembly to consider adoption rights.[8] The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), Amnesty International, the AIDS Healthcare Foundation and over 600 non-governmental organizations expressed support for the legalization of same-sex marriage in Mexico City.[9] The National Action Party (PAN) announced it would either go to the courts to appeal the law or demand a referendum.[10][11] However, a referendum on same-sex marriage was rejected by the Legislative Assembly in a 36–22 vote on 18 December 2009.[12]

On 21 December 2009, the Assembly approved the legalization of same-sex marriage in a 39–20 vote. Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard had been expected to sign the bill. The legislation changed the definition of marriage in the city's Civil Code from "a free union between a man and a woman" to "a free union between two people".[13] The law was written to allow same-sex couples to adopt children, apply for bank loans, inherit wealth and be included in the insurance policies of their spouse, among other rights they were previously denied under the civil union law.[14] PAN vowed to challenge the law in the courts.[14]

On 29 December 2009, Ebrard signed the bill into law and it became effective on March 4, 2010.[1][2] On August 5, the Supreme Court voted 9–2 to uphold the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law.[15] On August 10, 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed in Mexico City must be recognized throughout the country.[16]

Political party Members Yes No Abstain Absent
  Party of the Democratic Revolution 34 34
  National Action Party 15 15
  Institutional Revolutionary Party 8 2 5 1
  Labor Party 5 5
  Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 3 3
  New Alliance Party 1 1
Total 66 39 20 5 2

On 11 December 2016, the Constituent Assembly of Mexico City, a body formed to create a constitution for Mexico City, voted 9–7 to include the right to same-sex marriage in the draft text.[17][18] In early January 2017, the Constituent Assembly voted in its plenary session 68–11 to fully enshrine same-sex marriage in the Mexico City Constitution.[19] Article 11(H)(2) reads: "Equal rights are recognized for families formed by same-sex couples, with or without children, who are under the figure of civil marriage, concubinage or some other civil union."[a]

Statistics

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More than 270 same-sex couples married in Mexico City between March and July 2010.[22]

The following table shows the number of same-sex marriages performed in Mexico City since legalization in 2010 as reported by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography.[23] Figures for 2020 are lower than previous years because of the restrictions in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Number of marriages performed in Mexico City
Year Same-sex Opposite-sex Total % same-sex
Female Male Total
2010 309 380 689 33,755 34,444 2.00%
2011 345 457 802 34,284 35,086 2.29%
2012 447 489 936 34,600 35,536 2.63%
2013 536 649 1,185 35,888 37,073 3.20%
2014 761 851 1,612 35,052 36,664 4.40%
2015 657 777 1,434 31,796 33,230 4.32%
2016 677 804 1,481 31,034 32,515 4.55%
2017 682 780 1,462 29,406 30,868 4.74%
2018 690 767 1,457 25,064 26,521 5.49%
2019 743 796 1,539 25,923 27,462 5.60%
2020 429 403 832 11,106 11,938 6.97%
2021 631 610 1,241 18,890 20,131 6.16%

About 6,000 same-sex marriages were performed in the city in the first five years following the law's enactment. 30% of the marriages were between couples from other states and only 2% had ended in divorce.[24]

Public opinion

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An opinion poll conducted in September 2009 showed that the population of Mexico City was almost evenly divided on the issue of same-sex marriage, with 48% in favour and 46% against.[25]

From 27 November to 30 November 2009, major newspaper El Universal polled 1,000 Mexico City citizens concerning the legalization of same-sex marriage in the city: 50% supported it, 38% were against it and 12% had no opinion. The same poll showed that support was stronger among the younger population (age: 18–29), 67%, and weaker among the oldest (age: 50 and up), 38%. With 48%, the most cited reason was "right of choice" for the supporters, followed by "everybody is equal" with 14%. 39% of the opponents cited "it is not normal" as the main reason to not support same-sex marriage, followed by "we lose values" with 18%.[26]

A 2017 opinion poll conducted by Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica found that 63% of Mexico City residents supported same-sex marriage, while 32% were opposed.[27]

According to a 2018 survey by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, 29% of the Mexico City public opposed same-sex marriage, the lowest in all of Mexico.[28]

Opposition

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The National Action Party issued a statement calling the same-sex marriage bill "an electoral ploy by the PRD that mocks and abuses the LGBT community".[29] The Roman Catholic Church strongly opposed the law when it was taken up by the city Legislative Assembly, by calling same-sex marriage, among other things, "immoral", saying marriage must hold the promise of procreation, something that is possible only between a man and a woman.[30] Armando Martínez Gómez, president of a Catholic attorneys group, called on Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard to veto the bill, which Martínez noted went further than the city executive had intended when legislators removed a clause that would have forbidden adoption.[30]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In Spanish: Se reconoce en igualdad de derechos a las familias formadas por parejas de personas LGBTTTI, con o sin hijas e hijos, que estén bajo la figura de matrimonio civil, concubinato o alguna otra unión civil.[20]
    In Nahuatl: Mah amo quinixtlahuelitacan in nepapan tlacah ipampa imincihuayo nozo iminoquicho in yuh LGBTTTI, mah zan ihcuitic quipiacan iminnamic huan imincenyeliz, in tlaa quipiazque nozo amo quipiazque imimpilhuan itechcopa tlatlaman nenamictiliztli.[21]

References

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  1. ^ a b Mark Stevenson (Associated Press) (29 December 2009). "Mexico City enacts region's 1st gay marriage law". MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
  2. ^ a b Mónica Archundia (5 January 2010). "La primera unión gay, para marzo" (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  3. ^ Latin American Herald Tribune (16 March 2009). "First Openly Gay Mayoral Candidate Runs in Mexico". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  4. ^ a b c Erich Adolfo Moncada Cota (19 November 2006). "Mexico City Approves Same Sex Unions". Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  5. ^ a b New York Times (17 March 2007). "A Milestone in Mexico City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  6. ^ Fernando Martínez (25 December 2009). "Sociedades de convivencia, 97% en pie" (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  7. ^ a b Latin American Herald Tribune (24 November 2009). "Mexico City Lawmakers to Consider Gay Marriage". Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  8. ^ a b Mónica Archundia (25 November 2009). "Proyecto de matrimonio gay "divorcia" a la ALDF" (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  9. ^ Anodis (11 December 2009). "Preparan dictamen de matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  10. ^ Horacio Jiménez y Ella Grajeda (16 December 2009). "PAN amaga con impedir bodas gay" (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  11. ^ Notimex (15 December 2009). "Recurrirá PAN a Corte de legalizarse 'matrimonio' entre homosexuales" (in Spanish). Yahoo! México. Archived from the original on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  12. ^ Rocío González Alvarado (18 December 2009). "Rechaza ALDF referéndum para bodas gay" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  13. ^ "Mexico City 1st in region to approve gay marriage". Associated Press. 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  14. ^ a b "Mexico City assembly legalizes same-sex marriage". Associated Press. 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 26 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  15. ^ Dwyer Arce (August 6, 2010). "Mexico high court upholds Mexico City same-sex marriage law". JURIST – Paper Chase. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
  16. ^ Dwyer Arce (August 11, 2010). "Mexico high court rules Mexico City same-sex marriages must be recognized nationwide". JURIST – Paper Chase. Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
  17. ^ (in Spanish) PRD y Constituyente buscan garantizar matrimonio gay, eutanasia y uso de mariguana Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ (in Spanish) Con 9 votos a favor 7 en contra se aprueba el #MatrimonioIgualitario en la Ciudad de México Archived 2020-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ (in Spanish) Aprueban matrimonio civil igualitario en Constitución de CDMX Archived 2019-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México" (PDF). infodf.org.mx (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
  21. ^ "Ihueytlanahuatil Mexihco Hueyaltepetl" (PDF). Government of Mexico City (in Nahuatl). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  22. ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (15 July 2010). "Argentina Approves Gay Marriage, in a First for Region". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2017. Last year, Mexico City became the first jurisdiction in the region to legalize gay marriages... the city has married more than 270 couples
  23. ^ "Matrimonios, Entidad y municipio de registro, Sexo, Sexo". INEGI (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  24. ^ (in Spanish) ESTADÍSTICAS BODAS GAY CIUDAD DE MÉXICO Archived 2019-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "Mexico City approves gay marriage". Archived from the original on 2009-12-24. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  26. ^ El Universal (27–30 November 2009). "Same-sex marriage poll in Mexico City" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  27. ^ (in Spanish) Encuesta nacional 2017 Archived 2017-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica
  28. ^ "¿Quién está en contra del matrimonio gay?". El Sol de México (in Spanish). 15 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  29. ^ Agence France-Presse (21 December 2009). "Mexico City approves gay marriage". Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  30. ^ a b Tracy Wilkinson (22 December 2009). "Mexico City approves gay marriage, adoption". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
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