Evelita Juanita Spinelli (October 17, 1889 – November 21, 1941)[2] nicknamed The Duchess,[3] was the first woman to be executed by the state of California.[3] She was a gangster and ex-wrestler.
Juanita Spinelli | |
|---|---|
.png) The Duchess: first woman executed in San Quentin's gas chamber.[1] | |
| Born | October 17, 1889 Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | November 21, 1941 (aged 52) |
| Cause of death | Execution by gas chamber |
| Criminal status | Executed |
| Conviction(s) | First degree murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
Criminal history
editFBI profiler Candice DeLong described Spinelli as a "stone cold psychopath who had no use for anybody, other than what she could get out of them."(Deadly Women, season 4, episode 2). Spinelli, who fled Detroit and the so-called Purple Gang she ran with—earning her the nickname "The Duchess"—settled in San Francisco, where she regularly took in young, delinquent, homeless men. She would cook and clean for them and train them to be professional criminals.[3] The men received a ten-dollar weekly allowance, with Spinelli receiving the lion's share of their ill-gotten gains. Her daughter Lorraine, known as "Gypsy", regularly used a honey trap to snare drunken men, who were consequently mugged.[4]
On April 8th 1940, two of Spinelli's protégés, Albert Ives and Raymond Sherrod, killed Leland Cash during an armed robbery in San Francisco.[5] Due to his deafness, Cash did not hear the request to put his hands up and was shot in the stomach.[6] Fearing Sherrod would confess to the police, Spinelli gave him whiskey that she had laced with chloral hydrate. The gang then beat him up while he was unconscious. To make his death appear accidental, they threw him off the Clarksburg bridge on the Sacramento River, just south of Sacramento, wearing only swimming trunks. However, the autopsy showed there was no water in his lungs. Fearing for his own survival, Ives confessed to the police[7] and was later committed to Mendocino State Hospital.[8] Spinelli was consequently arrested.
Police ballistics matched the bullet that killed Cash with a gun that belonged to Spinelli.[9]
Her gang members testified against her at her trial.[10] On May 30th Spinelli, Ives, Simeone and Hawkins were found guilty. She appealed (along with her co-defendants Simeone and Hawkins) in 1941, however their appeals were unsuccessful.[11]
She was described by Clinton Duffy, the warden at San Quentin State Prison, as "the coldest, hardest character, male or female, I have ever known, a homely, scrawny, nearsighted, sharp-featured scarecrow. ... The Duchess was a hag, evil as a witch, horrible to look at, impossible to like."[12]
Execution
editSpinelli's original execution was delayed for 30 days by Culbert Olson.[13] Following two further repreives,[14] she was executed on November 21, 1941, at the age of 52, in the gas chamber at San Quentin.[15][16] A week later, Mike Simeone her 'first lieutenant and common-law husband' was executed, along with Gordon Hawkins.[17]
In popular culture
editHer story was dramatized on TV in the Gang Busters episode, "The Duchess Spinelli Case".[18]
References
edit- ^ "The Duchess: first woman executed in San Quentin's gas chamber". Horror History .net. November 21, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ^ "Spinelli, Evelita Juanita (1889–1941)". Highbeam. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c Keraghosian, Greg (July 6, 2020). "Juanita 'The Duchess' Spinelli: The first woman legally executed in Calif. ran an SF crime school". SFGATE. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
- ^ "Juanita "The Duchess" Spinelli: The first woman to lead a major organized crime family". SFGate. August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
- ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (April 17, 1940). "The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, April 17, 1940, Image 1". ISSN 0745-9106. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (June 19, 1941). "The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, June 19, 1941, Image 1". ISSN 2769-4143. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (April 17, 1940). "Imperial Valley press. (El Centro, Calif.) 1907-current, April 17, 1940, Image 2". p. 2. ISSN 1072-9283. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ "San Pedro News Pilot 18 June 1941 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (April 17, 1940). "The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, April 17, 1940, Image 1". ISSN 0745-9106. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ [dead link] "Outlaws". Deadly Women. Season 4. Episode 4E2. August 19, 2010.
- ^ "People v. Ives - 17 Cal.2d 459 - Fri, 02/21/1941 | California Supreme Court Resources". scocal.stanford.edu. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Chawkins, Steve (November 26, 2001). "Reluctance to Execute Women May Save Mother Who Killed 3 Sons". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
- ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (June 21, 1941). "The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, June 21, 1941, Image 2". p. 2. ISSN 2158-4729. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (November 20, 1941). "Imperial Valley press. (El Centro, Calif.) 1907-current, November 20, 1941, Image 1". ISSN 1072-9283. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ "WOMAN EXECUTED IN GAS CHAMBER; Gang-Leading Grandmother, 52, First of Sex Legally Put to Death in California". The New York Times. November 22, 1941. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
- ^ Roderick, Kevin (March 28, 1990). "Last Steps and Last Words on Death Row". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
- ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (November 28, 1941). "Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, November 28, 1941, Image 18". pp. A. ISSN 2331-9968. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ "The Duchess Spinelli Case". IMDb.