Huahujing

The work is honorifically known as the Taishang lingbao Laozi huahu miaojing (太上靈寶老子化胡妙經, "The Supreme Numinous Treasure's Sublime Classic on Laozi's Conversion of the Barbarians").

Traditionally, it is said that Laozi wrote it with the intention of converting Buddhists to Taoism, when they began to cross over from India.^{[citation needed]} The Taoists are sometimes claimed to have developed the Huahujing to support one of their favourite arguments against the Buddhists: that after leaving China to the West, Laozi had travelled as far as India, where he had converted—or even become—the Buddha and thus Buddhism had been created as a somewhat distorted offshoot of Taoism.^[1]

Some scholars believe it is a forgery because there are no historical references to it until the early 4th century CE. It has been suggested that the Taoist Wang Fu [zh] (王浮) may have originally compiled the Huahujing circa 300 CE.^[2]

In 705, the Emperor Zhongzong of Tang prohibited distribution of the text.^[3]

Emperors of China occasionally organized debates between Buddhists and Taoists, and granted political favor to the winners.^{[clarification needed]} An emperor ordered all copies to be destroyed in the 13th century after Taoists lost a debate with Buddhists.

Parts of chapters 1, 2, 8 and 10 have been discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts, recovered from the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang and preserved in the Taisho Tripitaka, manuscript 2139.

Estimated dates for the manuscript range from around the late 4th or early 5th century to the 6th century CE Northern Celestial Masters.^[4][2]

Its contents have no direct relation to later oral texts produced in English.^{[clarification needed]}

• Komjathy, Louis; Daoist Texts in Translation. 2004.
• Liu Yi. "Towards a New Understanding of Huahujing (The scripture of transforming the barbarians) from Dunhuang" International Dunhuang Project Newsletter 7. 1997.
• Weinstein, Stanley. 1987. Buddhism under the T’ang. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Welch, Holmes. Taoism: The Parting of the Way. Boston: Beacon Press. 1957. ISBN 0-8070-5973-0
• Zürcher, E. (2007). The buddhist conquest of China : the spread and adaptation of buddhism in early medieval China (3rd edition with a foreword by Stephen F. Teiser. ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156043.