The General Government of Warsaw (German: Generalgouvernement Warschau) was an administrative civil district created by the German Empire in World War I.[1] It encompassed the north-western half of the former Russian-ruled Congress Poland.[1]
General Governorate of Warsaw | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1915–1918 | |||||||||||
.svg) Flag
 Coat of arms
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 The Government General of Warsaw, depicted in light blue | |||||||||||
| Capital | Warsaw | ||||||||||
| Common languages | German, Polish | ||||||||||
| Government | Occupation authority | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 18 October 1915 | ||||||||||
• Armistice, withdrawal of German forces | 11 November 1918 | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | Poland | ||||||||||
Although the territory initially formed a part of the Ober Ost military command under the authority of general Erich Ludendorff, after the military advances of the Central Powers in the fall offensive of 1915 the territory came under a separate administration in October.[1] It continued to exist even after the later establishment of a rump Kingdom of Poland, a Central Powers puppet state. Its governor-general, Hans Hartwig von Beseler, held his office for the entire duration of the region's existence. The headquarters of the General Government operated in the Royal Castle, Warsaw, while the governor-general's seat was in the Belvedere palace, Warsaw.[2]
To the south of the General Government lay an Austro-Hungarian-controlled counterpart called the Military Government of Lublin.[1]
On 18 October 1916 a joint administration was introduced[by whom?] for both districts of the former Congress Poland, with a German civil-servant, Wolfgang von Kries, appointed as the first chief of the intended administration. On 9 December, Kries founded a Polish central bank, which issued a new currency, the Polish marka (Marka polska).
During the occupation, German authorities drafted Poles into forced labor to replace German workers drafted into the army.
Governors-General
edit| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Duration | |||
| Hans Hartwig von Beseler (1850–1921) |
26 August 1915 | 12 November 1918 | 2–3 years | Also the titular commander of the Polska Siła Zbrojna, or "Polnische Wehrmacht". With the Polish declaration of independence and Germany's surrender, Beseler escaped from Warsaw to Berlin disguised as a worker. Reviled in both Germany and Poland, he died in 1921.[3] | |
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Chiefs of Joint Administration:
- Wolfgang von Kries (18 October 1915 – 26 November 1917)
- Otto von Steinmeister (26 November 1917 – 6 October 1918)
See also
editSources
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Liulevicius, Vejas G. (2000). War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, Identity, and German Occupation in World War I. Cambridge University Press, p. 54. [1]
- ^ W. Głębocki, Pałace Warszawy, Warszawa 1991, s. 8. ISBN 83-217-2814-6
- ^ Roshwald, Aviel (2002). European Culture in the Great War. University of Cambridge. p. 70. ISBN 9780521013246. Retrieved 2021-08-07.