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The General Confederation of Labour (French: Confédération Générale du Travail, CGT[a]) is a national trade union center, founded in 1895 in the city of Limoges. It is the first of the five major French confederations of trade unions.
General Confederation of Labour | |
 | |
| Founded | September 1895 |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Montreuil, France |
| Location |
|
Members | 640,000[1] |
General Secretary | Sophie Binet (since 2023) |
| Affiliations | ITUC, ETUC |
| Website | www.cgt.fr |
It is the largest in terms of votes (32.1% at the 2002 professional election, 34.0% in the 2008 election), and second largest in terms of membership numbers.
Its membership decreased to 650,000 members in 1995–96 (it had more than doubled when François Mitterrand was elected president in 1981), before increasing today to between 700,000 and 720,000 members, slightly fewer than the Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail (CFDT).[2]
According to the historian M. Dreyfus, the direction of the CGT is slowly evolving, since the 1990s, during which it cut all organic links with the French Communist Party (PCF), in favour of a more moderate stance. The CGT is concentrating its attention, in particular since the 1995 general strikes, to trade-unionism in the private sector.[3]
History
editThe CGT was founded in 1895 in Limoges from the merger of the Fédération des bourses du travail (Federation of Labour Councils) and the Fédération nationale des syndicats (National Federation of Trade Unions). Auguste Keufer was amongst the founders and became the first treasurer.[4]
At the end of Henri Krasucki's term (1982–1992), he began to distance himself from the French Communist Party (PCF).[3] His successor, Louis Viannet, did the same, going as far as resigning from the political bureau of the party.[3]
CGT Secretary General Phillipe Martinez announced that the union will support the week of climate action beginning on September 20, 2019.[5]
Africa
editIn 1937 CGT began organizing workers in French West Africa. The union's functioning was interrupted by its banning by the Vichy regime, but in 1943-1948 a process of reconstruction took place. The main centers of activity were Senegal, Ivory Coast, Togo and the French Soudan. CGT had an upper hand in the Muslim regions in comparison to its main rival CFTC, who depended on the presence of Catholic communities for its recruitment. CGT emerged as the major trade union force amongst the 100 000 strong organized labour force in Senegal and Mauritania after the Second World War.[6]
Within the CGT branches in the region, there was however a growing wish for independence. A leader of CGT in French West Africa, Bassirou Guèye, promoted this idea. At a meeting of the Territorial Union of Trade Unions in Senegal and Mauritania, held in Dakar November 11–November 12, 1955, the majority of delegates voted for separation from the French CGT. A conference was held in Saint-Louis on January 14–January 15, 1956 which formed the Confédération générale des travailleurs africains (CGTA), separating the parts of the West African CGT organizations from the French CGT. At the conference 50 out of 67 delegates had voted for separation.[7]
In Togo, CGT had 45,100 members in 1948 (65% of organized labour). By 1952 the number had decreased to 34,000 (46% of organized labour).[8]
CGT formed a branch in Madagascar in 1936.[9]
Affiliates
editFederations
editOther affiliates
edit- Federal Union of State Trade Unions (UFSE)
- General Union of Engineers, Managers and Technicians CGT (UGICT)
- Confederation of CGT retirees' union (UCR)
- Young CGT
- National Committee for the Fight and Defense of the Unemployed
Former federations
edit| Affiliate | Abbreviation | Founded | Reason not affiliated | Year | Membership (1937)[11] | Membership (1946)[11] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air, War and Navy Federation | 16,000 | 15,000 | ||||
| Bridge and Road Engineers' Federation | ||||||
| Clothing Federation | 1892 | Merged into THCB | 1985 | 110,000 | 74,000 | |
| Commercial Travellers' Federation | 6,000 | 20,000 | ||||
| Coopers' Federation | 18,000 | 18,000 | ||||
| Designers' and Technicians' Federation | Dissolved | 1945 | 79,000 | N/A | ||
| Federation of Employees | FEC | 1893 | Joined FO | 1947 | 285,000 | 200,000 |
| Federation of Workers in the Wood, Furniture and Allied Industries | Merged into FNSCBA | 2011 | ||||
| French Federation of Book Workers | FFTL | 1881 | Merged into FILPAC | 1982 | 60,000 | 55,000 |
| General Administration Federation | 23,000 | ? | ||||
| Glass Federation | 30,000 | 23,000 | ||||
| Hairdressers' Federation | 22,000 | 20,000 | ||||
| Hatters' Federation | 10,000 | 10,000 | ||||
| Jewellers', Goldsmiths' and Watchmakers' Federation | 12,000 | 8,000 | ||||
| National Education Federation | Became independent | 1947 | 101,000 | 150,000 | ||
| National Federation of Agricultural Workers | FNTA | 1920 | Merged into FNAF | 1981 | 156,000 | 290,000 |
| National Federation of Ceramic, Faience, Pottery and Kindred Industries | 36,000 | 20,000 | ||||
| National Federation of Construction Workers | FNTC | 1920 | Merged into FNSCBA | 2011 | 540,000 | 700,000 |
| National Federation of Energy | FNE | 1905 | Merged into FNME | 1999 | 80,000 | 105,000 |
| National Federation of Food, Hotels, Cafes and Restaurants | Merged into FNAF | 1981 | 300,000 | 300,000 | ||
| National Federation of Hides and Leather | 1893 | Merged into THCB | 1985 | 88,000 | 86,000 | |
| National Federation of Miners | FNTSS | 1883 | Merged into FNME | 1999 | 270,000 | 287,000 |
| National Federation of Paper and Cardboard | Merged into FILPAC | 1982 | 72,000 | 40,000 | ||
| National Federation of Textile Industry Workers | 1891 | Merged into THCB | 1985 | 360,000 | 270,000 | |
| Pharmaceutical Federation | 47,000 | 19,000 | ||||
| Tobacco and Matchworkers' Federation | 1948 | Merged into FNAF | 2008 | 14,000 | 12,000 | |
| Wood Federation |
Leadership
editGeneral Secretaries
edit| Year | Secretary |
|---|---|
| 1895 | Absalon Lagailse |
| 1898 | Maurice Copigneaux |
| 1900 | Victor Renaudin |
| 1901 | Eugène Guérard |
| 1901 | Victor Griffuelhes |
| 1909 | Louis Niel |
| 1909 | Léon Jouhaux |
| 1945 | Benoît Frachon and Léon Jouhaux |
| 1948 | Benoît Frachon and Alain Le Léap |
| 1957 | Benoît Frachon |
| 1967 | Georges Séguy |
| 1982 | Henri Krasucki |
| 1992 | Louis Viannet |
| 1999 | Bernard Thibault |
| 2013 | Thierry Lepaon |
| 2015 | Philippe Martinez |
| 2023 | Sophie Binet |
See also
edit
Footnotes
edit- ^ Dalton, Matthew; Bisserbe, Noemie (2023-01-27). "French Union Cuts Power to Pressure Macron on Pensions". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on Mar 20, 2023.
- ^ Numbers given by Michel Dreyfus, author of Histoire de la C.G.T., Ed. Complexes, 1999, interviewed in Pascal Riché, En prônant la négociation, la CGT "peut faire bouger le syndicalisme", Rue 89, 21 November 2007 (in French)
- ^ a b c Pascal Riché, En prônant la négociation, la CGT "peut faire bouger le syndicalisme", Rue 89, 21 November 2007 (in French)
- ^ "BnF Catalogue général". Bibliothèque nationale de France (in French). Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ La CGT prépare deux journées d'action à la rentrée autour de l'urgence climatique, https://mobile.francetvinfo.fr/economie/syndicats/la-cgt-prepare-deux-journees-d-action-a-la-rentree-autour-de-l-urgence-climatique_3538113.amp Article in FranceInfo
- ^ Fall, Mar. L'État et la Question Syndicale au Sénégal. Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1989. p. 24, 27
- ^ Fall, Mar. L'État et la Question Syndicale au Sénégal. Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1989. p. 31–32
- ^ Fall, Mar. L'État et la Question Syndicale au Sénégal. Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1989. p. 44
- ^ Busky, Donald F.. Communism in history and theory. Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2002. p. 128
- ^ "La CGT en bref". Institut superieur du travail. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ a b Lorwin, Val (1954). The French Labor Movement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 324–325.
- ^ French pronunciation: [se ʒe te]
Further reading
edit- Ross, George. Workers and Communists in France: From Popular Front to Eurocommunism (1982).
External links
edit- The beginnings of the CGT, 1895–1921 An account and analysis of the anarchist origins of the CGT, and the later rise of the Communist Party within it.