Drivetrain

The function of the drivetrain is to couple the engine that produces the power to the driving wheels that use this mechanical power to rotate the axle. This connection involves physically linking the two components, which may be at opposite ends of the vehicle and so requiring a long propeller shaft or drive shaft. The operating speed of the engine and wheels are also different and must be matched by the correct gear ratio. As the vehicle speed changes, the ideal engine speed must remain approximately constant for efficient operation and so this gearbox ratio must also be changed, either manually, automatically or by an automatic continuous variation.

The precise components of the drivetrain vary, according to the type of vehicle.

Some typical examples:

• Flywheel
  • Dual mass flywheel still rare
• Clutch
• Gearbox
  • Overdrive Since the adoption of 5 speeds has become standard
• Propeller shaft
• Rear axle
  • Final drive
  • Differential

• Torque converter
• Transmission
• Propeller shaft
• Rear axle
  • Spool
  • Differential

• Clutch
• Motor
  • Gearbox
  • Final drive
  • Differential
  • Drive shafts and constant-velocity joints to each wheel

• Clutch
• Gearbox
• Transfer box
• Transmission brake
• Propeller shafts, to front and rear
• Front and rear axles
  • Final drive
  • Locking differential
  • Portal gear

The final drive is the last in the set of components which delivers torque to the drive wheels. In a road vehicle, it incorporates the differential. In a railway vehicle, it sometimes incorporates the reversing gear. Examples include the Self-Changing Gears RF 28 (used in many first-generation diesel multiple units of British Railways)^[2] and RF 11 used in the British Rail Class 03 and British Rail Class 04 diesel shunting locomotives. In a motor vehicle, the powertrain consists of the source of propulsion (e.g. the engine or electric motor) and the drivetrain system which transfers this energy into forward movement of the vehicle.^[3]

The powertrain consists of the prime mover (e.g. an internal combustion engine and/or one or more traction motors) and the drivetrain - all of the components that convert the prime mover's power into movement of the vehicle (e.g. the transmission, driveshafts, differential and axles);^[4][5] whereas the drivetrain does not include the power source and consists of the transmission, driveshafts, differential and axles.^[6][7]

Most passenger cars and commercial vehicles are powered by either an internal combustion engine, electric motor(s) or a combination of the two.

The most common types of internal combustion engines are:

• petrol engines
• diesel engines
• ethanol blends (such as E85 and E10)
• liquefied petroleum gas

Most purely electric vehicles use batteries for energy storage and are referred to as battery electric vehicles.

Vehicles with both internal combustion engines and electric motors are called hybrid vehicles. If a hybrid vehicle includes a charging socket, it is considered to be a plug-in hybrid, while vehicles that do not include a charging socket (therefore relying on the engine or regenerative braking to charge the batteries) are considered to be mild hybrids.