Drinking fountains in the United States

This is a history and list of drinking fountains in the United States. A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Drinking water fountains are most commonly found in heavy usage areas like public amenities, schools, airports, and museums.

History

An African-American man drinking at a "colored" drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City, 1939.^[1]

"Upon a slab above the niche are cut the words 'Pro bono publico'; beneath the basin these, 'Esto perpetua'."

The first of the drinking fountains in Philadelphia may rank among the earliest in the country. Constructed in 1854, it was explicitly labeled "For the public good", it had respectable neo-classical detailing, and it was privately funded, all of which would set a pattern.^[2] It was described in 1884 as:

The first fountain, so called, stands upon the side of the road on the west side of the Wissahickon … It is claimed that this is the first drinking fountain erected in the county of Philadelphia outside of the Fairmount Water-Works. A clear, cold, mountain spring is carried by a spout, covered with a lion's head, from a niche in a granite front, with pilasters and pediment into a marble basin. The construction bears the date 1854 … Upon a slab above the niche are cut the words "Pro bono publico"; beneath the basin these, "Esto perpetua".^[3]

In the late 1860s, a mix of progressive organizations and private philanthropists began funding purpose-built, public water fountains. Early examples include the first fountain funded by the new American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1867, in Union Square in New York City, and the work of the Philadelphia Fountain Society beginning in April 1869, whose fountains served people, horses, and dogs.^[4] Those Philadelphia fountains immediately proved their "utility and absolute necessity;" by September 1869 the Fountain Society had constructed 12, and the newly-founded Pennsylvania branch of the ASPCA had built another five.^[5] As of 1880, the Philadelphia Fountain Society alone maintained 50 fountains serving approximately 3 million people and 1 million horses and other animals.^[6]

The ASPCA had been founded in 1866 in New York, and spread quickly to active branches in Philadelphia and other cities. One of its concerns was the difficulty of finding fresh water for work horses in urban areas. Combination drinking fountains that provided a bubbler for people and a water trough for horses, and sometimes a lower basin for dogs, became popular. In particular, over 120 National Humane Alliance fountains were donated to communities across the United States between 1903 and 1913. The fountains were the gift of philanthropist Hermon Lee Ensign.

Also working in parallel were various organizations of the Temperance Movement, who advocated abstinence from alcohol, and saw providing free fresh water as an attractive alternative. furthering its cause. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, founded in 1874, sponsored temperance fountains in towns and cities across the United States.^[7] The Sons of Temperance built an elaborate and popular drinking fountain for Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exposition, later moved close to Independence Hall, that dispensed ice water.^[8] Henry D. Cogswell, a dentist and temperance crusader who made a fortune in San Francisco real estate, sponsored (and designed) dozens of artistic fountains, some of which were adorned with a statue of himself.

One myth claims that drinking fountains were first built in the United States in 1888 by the then-small Kohler Water Works (now Kohler Company) in Kohler, Wisconsin. However, no company by that name existed at the time.^[9]

Privately sponsored drinking fountains were often commissioned as works of art. Sculptors such as Karl Bitter, Alexander Stirling Calder, Gutzon Borglum and Daniel Chester French; and architects such as Paul Philippe Cret, Frederick Law Olmsted and Henry Hobson Richardson collaborated on them. These were frequently created as memorials to individuals, serving an ongoing utilitarian purpose as well as an artistic one.

In the United States, segregation of public facilities including but not limited to water fountains due to race, color, religion, or national origin was abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.^[10] Prior to this, racially segregated water fountains with those for black people in worse condition than those for white people were common.^[11]

List of notable drinking fountains (organized by state)

Name	Location	Sculptor	Other designers	Year	Medium	Usage	Notes
Lotta's Fountain Lotta Crabtree Fountain	California Market, Geary & Kearny Streets, San Francisco			1875	cast iron	For people	The fountain in 1905. Actress Lotta Crabtree donated the fountain. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco) Temperance Fountain Cogswell Historical Monument	California Washington Square, San Francisco	Unknown	Henry D. Cogswell	1879 relocated 1904	bronze base: granite	For people	Originally located at Market & Kearny Streets. Altered. No longer a fountain.
Erskine Memorial Fountain	Grant Park, Atlanta	J. Massey Rhind		1896 relocated 1912	Bronze	For people	Originally located at what is now Hardy Ivy Park
Nathaniel Wheeler Memorial Fountain	Connecticut Bridgeport	Gutzon Borglum		1913	Mermaid: bronze Basin & 3 horse troughs: granite	For people and horses	Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
National Humane Alliance Fountain	Connecticut Derby Greenway, Derby			1906 restored 2007		For people, horses and dogs	More than 120 National Humane Alliance Fountains were installed in communities across the United States between 1903 and 1913.
Pope Fountain^[12] Albert A. Pope Memorial Fountain	Connecticut Pope Park, Hartford	Lee Lawrie	George W. Keller, architect	1913 relocated 1964		For people and horses	Includes a bronze portrait medallion of Albert A. Pope.
Dancing Bears Fountain^[13] Children's Fountain	Connecticut Center Park, Manchester	Albert Humphreys	Pomponian Bronze Works, foundry	1909		For people
Carrie Welton Fountain^[14] "Horse on The Green"	Connecticut The Green, Waterbury	Karl Gerhardt		1888	Horse: bronze Base: granite	For people and horses
Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain (Rehoboth Beach, Delaware)	Delaware Rehoboth Avenue & Boardwalk, Rehoboth Beach			1929	granite	For people	Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.
Temperance Fountain (Washington, D.C.) Cogswell Fountain	District of Columbia 7th Street & Indiana Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.	Unknown	Henry D. Cogswell	1882-84	Sculptures: bronze Base & canopy: granite	For people and horses	Water flowed from the dolphins' mouths. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.
U. S. Capitol Grounds Drinking Fountain	District of Columbia United States Capitol Grounds, Washington, D.C.		Frederick Law Olmsted, architect	1874		For people
Horse Show Fountain (Wright-Bock Fountain)	Illinois Oak Park	Richard Bock	Frank Lloyd Wright, architect	1909 replica 1969	Poured concrete	For people, horses and dogs	The original fountain deteriorated and was used to create a replica. It was erected about 100 ft from the original's site.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain (Bloomington, Indiana)	Indiana Monroe County Courthouse, Bloomington			1913		For people
Murphy Memorial Drinking Fountain	Indiana Carroll County Courthouse, Delphi	Myra Reynolds Richards		1918	Sculpture: bronze Barre granite	For people	Richards posing with her sculpture.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain (Shenandoah, Iowa)^[15]	Iowa Clarinda & Sheridan Streets, Shenandoah			1912	cast iron	For people, dogs and birds	Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
Ellis Fountain	Kentucky Old Fayette County Courthouse, Lexington	William Ingram	Lexington Granite Company	1921	Sculptures: bronze granite	For people and dogs
Gumbel Memorial Fountain	Louisiana Audubon Park, New Orleans	Isidore Konti		1918		For people, horses and dogs	"The Meeting of Air and Water"
Lotta Fountain Lotta Crabtree Fountain	Massachusetts The Esplanade, Boston	Katharine Lane Weems	John W. Ames, architect Edwin Dodge, architect	1939		For people, cats and dogs	The fountain was a bequest from actress Lotta Crabtree.
Charles Taft Fountain^[16]	Massachusetts Cleveland Circle, Brookline		Coolidge & Carleson, architects	1912		For people, horses and dogs
Holyoke City Hall Fountain Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain	Massachusetts Holyoke City Hall Holyoke			1901	Monson granite	For people	Constructed in October 1901,^[17] dedicated November 9, 1901; contains biblical passages and one from Shakespeare's Othello
Kilbon Memorial Fountain^[18]	Massachusetts Town Park, Lee	Daniel Chester French		1899		For people and horses	Water flows from the mouth of a mask of Konkapot, a Mohican chief.
Belcher Memorial Fountain^[19]^[20]	Massachusetts Northfield Town Hall, 70 Main Street, Northfield	Joseph Walker	Aberdeen Granite Works	1909 relocated 1960	Quincy granite Gaslight: cast iron	For people, horses and dogs
Burnside Fountain	Massachusetts Worcester Common, Worcester	Charles Y. Harvey (completed by Sherry Fry)	Henry Bacon, architect	1912	Granite basin, bronze sculpture	For horses and dogs	Harvey's Pan-like figure is nicknamed "Turtle Boy."
Bagley Memorial Fountain	Michigan Detroit		Henry Hobson Richardson, architect	1887		For people	Water flows from the lions' mouths. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.
Merrill Humane Fountain	Michigan Palmer Park, Detroit		Carrere & Hastings, architects	1901 relocated 1925		For people, horses and dogs	Merrill Humane Fountain in its original location, c. 1906
Miller Memorial Fountain	Mississippi Commerce & Main Streets, Natchez			1911		For people, horses and dogs
American Legion Memorial World War I Memorial	Missouri Swope Park, Kansas City	Merrell Gage	G. B. Franklin, architect Chicago Art Bronze Works, foundry	1921		For people
Jessie Tennille Maschmeyer Memorial Fountain^[21] "Zuni Bird Charmer"	Missouri Outside Bird House, St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis	Walker Hancock	Roman Bronze Works, foundry	1932		For people.	The granite plinth features a life-sized bronze figure of a Zuni bird charmer at center and bubbler at each end.
Cogswell Fountain Temperance Fountain (Tompkins Square Park)^[22]	New York Tompkins Square Park, Manhattan, New York City	Bertel Thorvaldsen (copy after)	Henry D. Cogswell J. L. Mott Ironworks	1888		For people	Copy of Thorvaldsen's Hebe:
James Fountain Union Square Drinking Fountain	New York Union Square Park, Manhattan, New York City	Karl Adolph Donndorf	J. Leonard Corning, architect	1881		For people and dogs	Donated by Daniel Willis James and Theodore Roosevelt Sr.^[23]
Women's Health Protective Association Fountain	New York Riverside Park at 116th Street, Manhattan, New York City	Bruno Zimm		1909	white marble	For people	Commemorates the 25th anniversary of the association's founding.^[24]
Probasco Fountain	Ohio Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati		Samuel Hannaford, architect	1887		For people, horses and dogs	Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Woodland Cemetery Drinking Fountain	Ohio Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum, Dayton	Karl Bitter		1908-09		For people	Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
Benson Bubbler	Oregon Portland		A. E. Doyle, architect	1912		For people	Philanthropist Simon Benson initially installed 20 four-bowl drinking fountains. Portland now features 52 four-bowl Benson Bubblers and 74 single-bowl ones.
David Campbell Monument^[25] Portland Fireman's Memorial	Oregon 1800 West Burnside Street, Portland	Avard Fairbanks	Paul Cret, architect	1928		For people, horses and dogs	An exedra (curved bench) with a drinking fountain at center. It empties into a basin on the opposite side for horses and dogs.
Charles B. Merrick Memorial Drinking Fountain	Oregon NE Sandy Street, Portland			1916		For people
Fountain for Company H Second Oregon Company Volunteers Fountain (Spanish–American War)^[26]	Oregon Lownsdale Square, Portland	John H. Beaver		1914	limestone & bronze	For people	Located near the Spanish–American War Soldier's Monument
Pioneer Woman^[27] (Joy) Laberee Memorial Fountain	Oregon Council Crest Park, Portland	Frederic Littman		1956	Sculpture: bronze Base: granite	For people
Portland Central Library Fountain	Oregon 801 SW 10th Avenue, Portland		A. E. Doyle, architect	1913	Wilkinson sandstone	For people	Fountain is right of center:
Shemanski Fountain	Oregon South Park Blocks, Portland	Oliver Laurence Barrett	Carl L. Linde, architect	1925-26 1928		For people and dogs	Barrett's figure of "Rebecca at the Well" was added in 1928.
Skidmore Fountain	Oregon SW First & Ankeny Streets, Portland	Olin Levi Warner	J. M. Wells, architect	1888	Top basin & caryatids: bronze Lower basin & horse troughs: granite	For people, horses and dogs	The octagonal basin spills into 4 water troughs for horses and dogs.
Thompson Fountain	Oregon Plaza Blocks, 4th Avenue & Main Street, Portland	Roland Hinton Perry	H. G. Wright, architect	1900	Sculpture: bronze Basin & water troughs: Barre granite	For people, horses and dogs
Hebe Fountain Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain	Oregon Eagles Park, Lane & Jackson Streets, Roseburg	Bertel Thorvaldsen (copy after)	J. L. Mott Ironworks	1908 2002 (replica)	cast iron	For people, horses and dogs	The original Hebe fountain was damaged in a 1912 accident and removed. The replica fountain, cast from the same molds, was erected in 2002.
Class of 1892 Fountain^[28] "The Scholar and the Football Player"	Pennsylvania Quadrangle Dormitories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia	Alexander Stirling Calder	Bureau Brothers, foundry	1900		For people
Annie L. Lowry Memorial Fountain	Pennsylvania Bainbridge Street median strip at 3rd Street Philadelphia			1910		For horses and dogs	"Drink Gentle Friends" Erected by the Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Mary Rebecca Darby Smith Memorial Fountain Rebecca at the Well	Pennsylvania Horticultural Drive, West Fairmount Park Philadelphia	John J. Boyle		1908 relocated 1934		For people Originally, for people, horses and dogs	"Drink, and I will give thy Camels Drink also." Originally installed on the Spring Garden Street median strip at 12th Street. Relocated to West Fairmount Park, 1934.
Temperance Fountain (Philadelphia)	Pennsylvania Philadelphia			1876 Relocated 1877 Removed to storage 1969		For people	Under a 13-sided gazebo at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. Erected by the Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance. Cost: $2,300 Installed outside Independence Hall, 1877-1969
J. William White Memorial Drinking Fountain	Pennsylvania Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia	R. Tait McKenzie		1921		For people	Portrait medallion of J. William White (1919).
Fireman's Drinking Fountain	Pennsylvania Main Street, Slatington	Caspar Buberl	J. W. Fiske & Company	1909	Sculpture: zinc Base: cast iron	For people and dogs	Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.
Sterne Fountain^[29] Hebe, Goddess of Youth	Texas Lafayette & Market Streets, Jefferson	Giuseppe Moretti	J. L. Mott, foundry	1913	Sculpture: bronze Base: cast iron	For people, horses and dogs
Pin Oak Fountain^[30]	West Virginia WV Rte. 29 & Falconwood Road, Pin Oak		Roy Keister, head mason	1932	crystal quartz	For people and horses	2 basins and a horse trough, fed by gravity from a spring uphill of the fountain
R. D. Whitehead Monument^[31]	Wisconsin 16th & Pearl Streets, Milwaukee	Sigvald Asbjornsen		1910	Sculpture: bronze Pier & basin: granite	For horses and dogs	The bas-relief panel depicts Whitehead's horse "George" and dog "Dandy." The watering trough is now used as a planter.

NOTE: some entries in this table overlap the entries in Drinking fountains in Philadelphia. Neither table is an exhaustive list.

References

^ Lee, Russell (July 1939). "Negro drinking at "Colored" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma". Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. Library of Congress Home. Retrieved March 23, 2005.
^ Archambault, Anna Margaretta (1924). A Guide Book of Art, Architecture, and Historic Interests in Pennsylvania. John C. Winston Company. p. 105. ISBN 9780271046822. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
^ Scharf, John Thomas; Westcott, Thompson (1884). History of Philadelphia, 1609–1884. L. H. Everts & Company.
^ McShane, Clay (2007). The horse in the city : living machines in the nineteenth century. Tarr, Joel A. (Joel Arthur), 1934-. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4356-9264-0. OCLC 503446031.
^ "Letter from Philadelphia". Tunkhannock Republican. September 9, 1869. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Hahn, Ashley (May 29, 2013). "Curbside refreshment for man and beast". WHYY-FM. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
^ WCTU Drinking Fountains – Then and Now Archived 2011-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, from Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
^ "Sons of Temperance Fountain" (PDF). Historic American Buildings Survey. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
^ Dippel, Beth (October 31, 2014). "Debunking the the(sic) bubbler myth". Sheboygan Press. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
^ 🖉"Title II Of The Civil Rights Act (Public Accommodations)". www.justice.gov. August 6, 2015.
^ 🖉"Drinking fountains quench a thirst for sustainability". June 15, 2018.
^ Colonel Pope Fountain, from Hartford Signs.
^ Dancing Bears Fountain, from Manchester Historical Society.
^ Carrie Welton Fountain, from SIRIS.
^ WCTU Fountain, Shenandoah Archived October 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, from Bleeding Heartland.
^ Charles Taft Fountain, Boston Architectural Club Yearbook, 1912, p. 12.
^ "Will Have Expert from Boston". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. October 9, 1901. p. 8. The board [of public works] will begin to excavate this morning on the city hall lawn in preparation for the drinking fountain that has been given by the Woman's Christian temperance union
^ Daniel Chester French Archived February 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, from Town of Lee, Massachusetts.
^ Belcher Memorial Fountain, from SIRIS.
^ Belcher Memorial Fountain, from Arthur Percy Fitt, All About Northfield (1910).
^ Zuni Bird Charmer, from SIRIS.
^ Tompkins Square Park Temperance Fountain, from NYC Parks.
^ Union Square Drinking Fountain, from NYC Parks.
^ "Riverside Park". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
^ David Campbell Monument, from SIRIS.
^ Second Oregon Company Volunteers, from SIRIS.
^ Joy (Pioneer Woman), from Public Art Archive.
^ Class of '92 Fountain, from University of Pennsylvania.
^ Sterne Fountain, from SIRIS.
^ Pin Oak Fountain, from National Park Service.
^ R. D. Whitehead Monument, from SIRIS.

.^[1]

^ Phurisamban, Rapichan. "Drinking Fountains and Public Health" (PDF). pacinst.org. pacific institute.

[1] Lee, Russell (July 1939). "Negro drinking at "Colored" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma". Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. Library of Congress Home. Retrieved March 23, 2005.

[2] Archambault, Anna Margaretta (1924). A Guide Book of Art, Architecture, and Historic Interests in Pennsylvania. John C. Winston Company. p. 105. ISBN 9780271046822. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.

[3] Scharf, John Thomas; Westcott, Thompson (1884). History of Philadelphia, 1609–1884. L. H. Everts & Company.

[4] McShane, Clay (2007). The horse in the city : living machines in the nineteenth century. Tarr, Joel A. (Joel Arthur), 1934-. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4356-9264-0. OCLC 503446031.

[letter-5] "Letter from Philadelphia". Tunkhannock Republican. September 9, 1869. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.

[Hahn-6] Hahn, Ashley (May 29, 2013). "Curbside refreshment for man and beast". WHYY-FM. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.

[7] WCTU Drinking Fountains – Then and Now Archived 2011-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, from Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

[8] "Sons of Temperance Fountain" (PDF). Historic American Buildings Survey. Retrieved September 26, 2020.

[9] Dippel, Beth (October 31, 2014). "Debunking the the(sic) bubbler myth". Sheboygan Press. Retrieved January 18, 2019.

[10] 🖉"Title II Of The Civil Rights Act (Public Accommodations)". www.justice.gov. August 6, 2015.

[11] 🖉"Drinking fountains quench a thirst for sustainability". June 15, 2018.

[12] Colonel Pope Fountain, from Hartford Signs.

[13] Dancing Bears Fountain, from Manchester Historical Society.

[14] Carrie Welton Fountain, from SIRIS.

[15] WCTU Fountain, Shenandoah Archived October 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, from Bleeding Heartland.

[16] Charles Taft Fountain, Boston Architectural Club Yearbook, 1912, p. 12.

[17] "Will Have Expert from Boston". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. October 9, 1901. p. 8. The board [of public works] will begin to excavate this morning on the city hall lawn in preparation for the drinking fountain that has been given by the Woman's Christian temperance union

[18] Daniel Chester French Archived February 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, from Town of Lee, Massachusetts.

[19] Belcher Memorial Fountain, from SIRIS.

[20] Belcher Memorial Fountain, from Arthur Percy Fitt, All About Northfield (1910).

[21] Zuni Bird Charmer, from SIRIS.

[22] Tompkins Square Park Temperance Fountain, from NYC Parks.

[23] Union Square Drinking Fountain, from NYC Parks.

[nycgovparks.org/-24] "Riverside Park". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved January 26, 2017.

[25] David Campbell Monument, from SIRIS.

[26] Second Oregon Company Volunteers, from SIRIS.

[27] Joy (Pioneer Woman), from Public Art Archive.

[28] Class of '92 Fountain, from University of Pennsylvania.

[29] Sterne Fountain, from SIRIS.

[30] Pin Oak Fountain, from National Park Service.

[31] R. D. Whitehead Monument, from SIRIS.

[32] Phurisamban, Rapichan. "Drinking Fountains and Public Health" (PDF). pacinst.org. pacific institute.

[1]

Drinking fountains in the United States

Contents

History

List of notable drinking fountains (organized by state)

See also

References