Butler English

Structurally, Butler English is akin to a pidgin, with a subject–verb–object word order, deletion of verb inflections, and deletion of prepositions. It has been called a "marginal pidgin" and a "rudimentary pidgin", although Hosali and Aitchinson, listed in Further reading, point out several problems with these classifications. Its major syntactic characteristics are the deletion of auxiliary verbs, the frequent use of "-ing" forms for things other than participles, and the reporting of indirect speech directly. For examples:

• the use of the present participle for the future tense: I telling rather than the Standard English "I will tell"
• the use of "done" as an auxiliary instead of "have": I done come rather than "I have come", and I done tell rather than "I have told"

The lexical characteristics of Butler English are that its vocabulary is limited and employs specialised jargon. family substitutes for "wife", for example.

Mesthrie notes several "striking similarities" between Butler English and South African Indian English, raising for him the question of whether there was a historical relationship between the two. These include:

• use of "-ing" forms for things other than participles
• the omission of "be"
• the use of "got" as an auxiliary verb instead of "have" (Mesthrie questions the accuracy of the reports by Yule and Burnell that were the original source of the information that "done" was an auxiliary verb, observing that the 20th century reports by Hosali and others state that this is not a characteristic of 20th century Butler English.)
• various lexical similarities including "died" being used instead of "dead"

He notes various dissimilarities, however:

• Butler English uses "been" as an auxiliary verb whereas SAIE does not.
• Because of pronoun deletion, "is" can begin a sentence in Butler English, whereas such pronoun deletion is less common in SAIE.
• Butler English has no clear examples of "-s" as a possessive, whereas in SAIE that have a 15/17 occurrence rate.
• Butler English does not share SAIE's use of "only" as a focus marker
• Butler English does not share SAIE's use of "got" as an existential
• Butler English does not share SAIE's occasional subject–object–verb word order (e.g. four children got for "I have four children.", after pronoun deletion), although he observes that the famous quotation reported by Schuchardt contains one object–verb example: little milk give it
• Butler English does have various lexical forms found in SAIE, such as look-attering, no fadder, hawa, and dawa

• Hugo Schuchardt (1891). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des englischen Kroelisch III, Das Indo-Englishe". Englishe Studien. 15: 286–305., which can be found translated and edited in:
  • Hugo Schuchardt (1980). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des englischen Kroelisch III, Das Indo-Englishe". In Glen G. Gilbert (ed.). Pidgin and Creole languages: selected essays by Hugo Schuchardt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–64. ISBN 0-521-22789-5.
• H. Yule and A. C. Burnell (1886). Hobson Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical, and Discursive. London: J. Murray. pp. 133–134. ISBN 0-7100-2886-5. (reprinted in 1903 by W. Crooke)
• Priya Hosali (1982). Butler English: form and function. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages., also published as:
  • Priya Hosali (2000). Butler English: form and function. B.R. Pub. Corp. ISBN 9788176461337.
• Priya Hosali and J. Aitchinson (1986). "Butler English: A minimal pidgin?". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 1 (11): 51–79. doi:10.1075/jpcl.1.1.05hos.
• Priya Hosali (1997). English in India: What the Butler Really Said. Centre for Communication Studies, Indus Education Foundation.
• Priya Hosali (2004). "Butler English: morphology and syntax". In Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1031–1044. ISBN 9783110175325.

• Indian English
• Hinglish