British Army officer rank insignia

The rank of Field Marshal has become an honorary/ceremonial rank; the last active officer to be promoted to the rank was in 1994.

Before 1767, there were no definite badges for Field Marshals and general officers. In 1767, the British Army issued an order to distinguish Field Marshals (once the rank was established in 1813) and different graded General officers by the combination of chevron-shaped ess pattern laces on the sleeve.

• Field Marshal: Evenly spaced six laces.
• General: Evenly spaced four laces.
• Lieutenant General: Six laces in threes.
• Major General: Four laces in twos.
• Brigadier General: Three laces. Upper twos were in pair.

During the Napoleonic wars, field marshals wore oak-leaf embroidered collar and cuff; and shoulder cord instead of previous pattern. It was continued until the end of 1830.

At the beginning of 1831, new rank distinction was ordered for field marshals and general officers.

• Field Marshal: Cross baton and wreath designed device was on epaulettes and buttons were evenly spaced .
• General: Cross baton and sword with crown designed device on the epaulettes and buttons were evenly spaced.
• Lieutenant General: Cross baton and sword with crown designed device on the epaulettes and buttons were in threes.
• Major General: Cross baton and sword with crown designed device on the epaulettes and buttons were in twos.
• Brigadier General: No device on the epaulettes and buttons were in two.

After the Crimean War (30 January 1855), the War Office ordered different rank badges for British general, staff officers and regimental officers. It was the first complete set of rank badges to be used by the British Army.

• Field Marshal: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with crossed baton above the wreath in silver.
• General: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with Crown and star in silver.
• Lieutenant General: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with Crown in silver.
• Major General: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with Star in silver.
• Brigadier-general: Two rows of half inch wide staff pattern lace on the collar with Crown and star in silver.

In 1868, brigadier-generals were ordered to wear the same collar as other General officers, but no device in the collar.

In 1880, the War Office ordered to move rank badges from collar to shoulder.

• Field Marshal: Crossed batons above the wreath of oak-leaf. On the top of the wreath a crown.
• General: Crossed baton and sword with Crown and star.
• Lieutenant General: Crossed baton and sword with Crown.
• Major General: Crossed baton and sword with Star.
• Brigadier General: Crossed baton and sword.

Due to the expansion of the Army during World War I, there were a very large number of general officers, whose numbers were very disproportionate to the other Allied Armies, and had the effect of reducing the status of all British Generals. There were talks and proposal to address the number of general officers without abolishing the rank, but it was found that this would produce a number of issues and was considered impracticable. In 1920 it was promulgated in Army Order 545 of 1920 to abolish the rank of Brigadier General and substitute in its place the ranks Colonel Commandant (commander of a brigade or training school) and Colonel-on-the-Staff (staff officer, usually appointed Directors, Deputy Director etc. at the War Officer and in India), effective from 1 January 1921.^[3] The rank badges of Colonel Commandant and Colonel on the staff were identical to each other, consisting of a crown and three stars. After difficulties arose for those who previously held the rank of brigadier-general; Earl Curzon stated that: "…British Military Attaches at foreign capitals who at present hold the rank of Brigadier-General…will lose precedence and prestige and will have to yield in both respects to foreign officers…". The Secretary of State refused to make an exception for Military Attaches, on the advice of the Army Council. However, following this, difficulties arose in India, as in the minds of the Indian personnel commanders of brigades had lost prestige, as the term Colonel conveys the command of battalions. In 1926 Formal consent by the King to substitute Colonel Commandant with Brigadier was given, however after further issues were raised, the matter was reopened and on reconsideration it was decided to abolish the title of Colonel-on-the-Staff also. Accordingly, on 1 June 1928, the temporary rank of brigadier was reinstated, and the titles of Colonel Commandant and Colonel-on-the-Staff were abolished. The Army Order stated,

"Officers holding the temporary rank of brigadier will have precedence of, and command over all other colonels. Among them- selves they will take precedence according to their permanent rank. They will wear the same dress (including rank badges) as at present prescribed for colonels commandant and colonels on the staff."^[3]

Brigadiers have held the same rank insignia, of the Colonel Commandant and Colonels-on-the-Staff since 1928.

Initially company and field rank insignia did not appear on officers' uniforms.^[6] In 1791 the War Office ordered officers to wear different graded epaulettes and wings to distinguish regimental officer ranks (Colonel to Ensign/ Cornet). This was ordered only for line infantry officers. According to the Army Order,

• Field officers (Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel and Major) wore rich epaulettes with rich bullions on both shoulders.
• Captains of Battalion company wore epaulettes with smaller bullions,
• Subalterns (Lieutenant and Ensign/ Sub Lieutenant) of similar company wore same epaulette strap with fringes on right shoulder only.
• Grenadier and Light companies Captain and Subalterns wore wings on both shoulders.

In 1795, a special pattern of epaulettes was ordered for Fusiliers and Light Infantry officers. Field officers of those regiments wore epaulettes over wings. Company officers wore wings.

In February 1810, an order was issued by the War Office to distinguish Field officer ranks. The following devices were introduced in the epaulettes:

• Colonel: Crown and Garter star
• Lieutenant Colonel: Crown
• Major: Garter star

These badges were issued for all infantry regiments except the Foot Guards. In 1815, badges for Foot Guards were ordered. In Foot Guards regiments, all Field Officers were equivalent to the Colonels of line infantry regiments. Captains were equivalent to Lieutenant Colonels, Lieutenants were equivalent to Majors and Ensigns were equivalent to Captains of Battalion companies.

• Field Officers: Crown and star (Grenadier Guards and Coldstream Guards used the Garter star, and Scots Fusilier Guards used the Thistle star).
• Captain: Crown
• Lieutenant: Star
• Ensign: No device. (Ensigns of the Grenadier Guards wore epaulettes on both shoulders, but the Ensigns of the other two regiments wore a single epaulette on the right shoulder.)

In 1829, epaulettes and wings were standardised by maintaining the badges of rank issued in 1810 and 1815. According to the order, epaulettes of all regular infantry regiments and foot guards regiments would be in gold and other regiments were in silver. All officers including field and company officers wore epaulettes and wings on both shoulders. The epaulettes over wings system was abolished. Different graded officer wore different sized bullion to distinguish themselves from other.

• Colonel: Epaulette bullions were three and half inches in length. Insignia was a Crown and a Bath star.
• Lieutenant Colonel: Epaulette bullions were three and half inches in length. Insignia was a Crown.
• Major: Epaulette bullions were three inches in length. Insignia was a Bath star.
• Captain of Battalion company: Epaulette bullion were two and half inches in length. No insignia device.
• Subaltern of Battalion company: Epaulette bullion were two inches in length. No insignia device.
• Captain of Flank companies: Wings bullions were one and quarter inches in length and half inches in wide.
• Subalterns of Flank companies: Wings bullions were one and quarter inches in length and quarter inches in wide.

In January 1855, at the end of the Crimean War, the War Office abolished all epaulette and wing rank badges. New rank badges were introduced in the collar. It was first time that a complete set of rank badges was used by the British Army.

• Colonel: Two rows of half inch laces in collar with Crown and Bath star.
• Lieutenant Colonel: Two rows of half inch laces in collar with Crown.
• Major: Two rows of half inch laces in collar with Bath star.
• Captain: One row of half inch lace on the top of collar with Crown and Bath star.
• Lieutenant: One row of half inch lace on the top of collar with Crown.
• Ensign/Sub Lieutenant: One row of half inch lace on the top of collar with Bath star.

In April 1880, rank badges were moved from collar to shoulder and officers of all regiments wore the following rank badges.

• Colonel: Crown and two Bath stars.
• Lieutenant Colonel: Crown and one Bath star.
• Major: Crown.
• Captain: Two Bath stars.
• Lieutenant: One Bath star.
• Second Lieutenant: No device.

In May 1902, rank badges were moved to sleeve's cuff and company-grade officer badges were slightly modified:^[7]

• Captain: Three Bath stars.
• Lieutenant: Two Bath stars.
• Second Lieutenant: One Bath star.

In 1919, a new order was issued by the Horse Guards office—all Guards officers would wear special star badges.

• Grenadier Guards: Garter star.
• Coldstream Guards: Garter star.
• Scots Guards: Thistle star.
• Irish Guards: Shamrock star
• Welsh Guards: Garter star.

During World War I, some officers took to wearing tunics with the rank badges on the shoulder, as the cuff badges made them too conspicuous to snipers. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an optional alternative, being made permanent in 1920, when the cuff badges were abolished.^[8]

• Captain-general (c. 17th century): a full general.
• Sergeant-major-general (c. 17th century): shortened to major general.
• (Lieutenant-)Colonel Commandant (c. 19th century): most senior commanding rank in artillery bataillons and regiments, but sometimes also in cavalry (especially when the latter was stationed in India).
• Captain-lieutenant (c. 17th & 18th century): the lieutenant of the first company in a regiment, whose captaincy was held by the regimental colonel. On promotion to full captain, the period in this rank was treated as having been a full captain for pay and pension purposes, since he effectively commanded the company.
• Ensign: lowest subaltern rank in infantry regiments; replaced in 1871 by second lieutenant, but still used to refer to second lieutenants in some Guards regiments.
• Cornet: cavalry equivalent of ensign replaced in 1871 by second lieutenant, but still used to refer to second lieutenants in some cavalry regiments, including the Blues and Royals and The Queen's Royal Hussars.

• British Army other ranks rank insignia
• British Army uniform
• British Army
• Comparative military ranks of World War I
• Comparative military ranks
• Comparative officer ranks of World War II
• Military rank
• RAF officer ranks
• Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies
• Ranks of the cadet forces of the United Kingdom
• Royal Navy officer rank insignia
• United Kingdom and United States military ranks compared

• British Army rank structure and insignia (British Army website)
• SaBRE
• Victorian Infantry Officer Ranks
• Napoleonic Era British Military ranks at ArmchairGeneral.com