The Berothidae are a family of winged insects of the order Neuroptera. They are known commonly as the beaded lacewings.[1] The family was first named by Anton Handlirsch in 1906.[2] The family consists of 24 genera and 110 living species distributed discontinuously worldwide, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions.[3] Numerous extinct species have also been described. Their ecology is poorly known, but in the species where larval stages have been documented, the larvae are predators of termites.[4]
| Berothidae Temporal range:
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| Spermophorella sp. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Clade: | Euneuroptera |
| Superfamily: | Mantispoidea |
| Family: | Berothidae Handlirsch, 1906 |
| Subfamilies | |
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Systematics
edit
A considerable fossil diversity of beaded lacewings is known from the Late Jurassic onwards, containing numerous genera which are likewise basal or incertae sedis.
- Subfamily Berothimerobiinae
- Berothimerobius Monserrat & Deretsky, 1999
- Subfamily Berothinae
- Asadeteva Aspöck & Aspöck, 1981
- Barrowiella Smithers, 1984
- Berlekrumyia Aspöck & Aspöck, 1988
- Berotha Walker, 1860
- †Elektroberotha Makarkin & Ohl 2015 Eocene (Lutetian); Baltic amber, northern Europe
- Isoscelipteron Costa, 1863
- Lekrugeria Navás, 1929
- Lomamyia Banks, 1904
- Nodalla Navás, 1926
- Podallea Navás, 1936
- Quasispermophorella Aspöck & Aspöck, 1986
- Spermophorella Tillyard, 1916
- Spiroberotha Adams, 1990
- Stenobiella Tillyard, 1916
- †Xenoberotha Makarkin 2017 Green River Formation, United States, Eocene
- Subfamily Cyrenoberothinae[5]
- †Aggregataberotha Wang et al., 2023 (Cenomanian, Burmese amber, Myanmar)
- †Araripeberotha Martins-Neto & Vulcano 1990 Cretaceous (Aptian); Crato Formation, Brazil
- †Caririberotha Martins-Neto & Vulcano 1990 Cretaceous (Aptian); Crato Formation, Brazil
- Cyrenoberotha MacLeod & Adams, 1968
- Manselliberotha Aspöck & Aspöck, 1988
- †Microberotha Archibald & Makarkin 2004 (Eocene (Ypresian), Hat Creek amber, Canada)[2]
- Ormiscocerus Blanchard, 1851
- †Protoberotha Huang et al., 2019 (Cenomanian, Burmese amber, Myanmar)[6]
- †Sibelliberotha Azar & Nel 2013 (Barremian, Lebanese amber)
- Speleoberotha Machado et al., 2022[5]
- Subfamily †Mesithoninae Panfilov, 1980
- †Mesithone Panfilov 1980 Callovian/Oxfordian; Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan; Aptian; Zaza Formation, Turga Formation, Russia
- †Oloberotha Ren & Guo 1996 Aptian; Yixian Formation, China
- Subfamily Nosybinae
- †Banoberotha Whalley 1980 Cretaceous (Barremian); Lebanese amber, Lebanon
- Naizema Navás, 1919
- Nosybus Navás, 1910
- Tanzanberotha Aspöck & Hynd, 1995
- Subfamily Nyrminae
- Nyrma Navás, 1933
- Subfamily Protobiellinae
- Austroberothella Aspöck & Aspöck, 1985
- Protobiella Tillyard, 1923
- Subfamily Trichomatinae
- Trichoberotha Handschin, 1935
- Trichoma Tillyard, 1916
- Subfamily Incertae sedis
- †Ansoberotha Yang et al., 2019 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Berothone Khramov 2015 Callovian/Oxfordian; Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan
- †Cantabroberotha Pérez-de la Fuente et al., 2021 Cretaceous (Albian); Spanish amber, Spain
- †Cornoberotha Yang et al., 2019 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Dasyberotha Engel & Grimaldi 2008 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Epimesoberotha Jepson et al., 2012 Cretaceous (Berriasian); Lulworth Formation, United Kingdom
- †Ethiroberotha Engel & Grimaldi 2008 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Haploberotha Engel & Grimaldi 2008 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Iceloberotha Engel & Grimaldi 2008 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Jersiberotha Grimaldi 2000 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar; Cretaceous (Turonian); New Jersey amber, United States
- †Krokhathone Khramov 2015 Jurassic (Callovian/Oxfordian); Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan
- †Maculaberotha Yuan et al., 2016 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Magniberotha Yuan et al., 2016 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Nascimberotha Grimaldi 2000 Turonian; New Jersey amber, United States
- †Plesiorobius Klimaszewski & Kevan, 1986 Cretaceous (Campanian); Canadian amber, Canada; Campanian; Taymyr amber, Russia; Cenomanian, unknown formation, Russia
- †Proberotha Krüger, 1923 Lutetian, Baltic Amber, northern Europe
- †Osmyloberotha Khramov 2021 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Sinosmylites Hong 1983 Daohugou, Haifanggou Formation, China, Callovian, Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian, Ulaan-Ereg Formation, Mongolia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
- †Systenoberotha Engel & Grimaldi 2008 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Telistoberotha Engel & Grimaldi 2008 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Xiaoberotha Shi et al., 2019 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
Formerly included taxa
editSubfamily Paraberothinae (now included in Rhachiberothidae)
- †Acanthoberotha Nakamine et al., 2020 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Alboberotha Nel et al., 2005 Cretaceous (Albian); Charentense amber, France
- †Astioberotha Nakamine et al., 2020 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Chimerhachiberotha Nel et al., 2005 Barremian; Lebanese amber, Lebanon
- †Creagroparaberotha Makarkin, 2015 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †EorhachiberothaEngel, 2004 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Kujiberotha Nakamine & Yamamoto, 2018 Cretaceous (Santonian); Kuji amber, Japan
- †Micromantispa Shi et al., 2015 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Paraberotha Whalley, 1980 Barremian; Lebanese amber, Lebanon
- †Pseudosisyra Makarkin, 1999 Aptian; Zaza Formation, Russia
- †Raptorapax Petrulevicius et al., 2010 Barremian; Lebanese amber, Lebanon
- †Retinoberotha Schlüter, 1978 Cenomanian; Bezonnais amber, France,
- †Rhachibermissa Grimaldi, 2000 Turonian; New Jersey amber, United States
- †Scoloberotha Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Spinoberotha Nel et al., 2005 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Stygioberotha Nakamine et al, 2020 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Uranoberotha Nakamine et al, 2020 Cenomanian; Burmese amber, Myanmar
References
edit- ^ Winterton, Shaun L. (2010). "A new species of Stenobiella Tillyard (Neuroptera, Berothidae) from Australia". ZooKeys (64): 1–8. doi:10.3897/zookeys.64.403. PMC 3088400. PMID 21594021.
- ^ a b Archibald, S.B.; Makarkin, V.N. (2004). "New genus of minute Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Early Eocene amber of British Columbia". The Canadian Entomologist. 136 (1): 61–76. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.552.2285. doi:10.4039/n03-043. S2CID 36459014.
- ^ Aspöck, Ulrike; Randolf, Susanne (2 December 2014). "Beaded lacewings – a pictorial identification key to the genera, their biogeographics and a phylogentic analysis (Insecta: Neuroptera: Berothidae)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 61 (2): 155–172. doi:10.3897/dez.61.8850 – via Pensoft.
- ^ Engel, Michael S.; Winterton, Shaun L.; Breitkreuz, Laura C. V. (2018-01-07). "Phylogeny and Evolution of Neuropterida: Where Have Wings of Lace Taken Us?". Annual Review of Entomology. 63: 531–551. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043127. ISSN 1545-4487. PMID 29324039.
- ^ a b Machado, R. J. P.; Martins, C. C.; Aspöck, H.; De Miranda Tavares, L. G.; Aspöck, U. (2022). "The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 195 (4): 1422–1444. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104.
- ^ Huang, S.; Ren, D.; Wang, Y. (2019). "A new basal beaded lacewing (Neuroptera: Berothidae) from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber". Cretaceous Research. 95: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.025.
