Austrosimulium is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: Austrosimulium whose species are principally from New Zealand, and Novaustrosimulium which are exclusively Australian.[2] Austrosimulium is a sister genus to the monospecific Paraustrosimulium of South America.[3]
| Austrosimulium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Austrosimulium australense | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Simuliidae |
| Subfamily: | Simuliinae |
| Tribe: | Simuliini |
| Genus: | Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925 |
| Type species | |
| Austrosimulium australense (Schiner, 1868)[1]
| |
Some species are known to spread the protozoan blood parasite Leucocytozoon tawaki in penguins.[4][5][6]
In New Zealand, where they are known as sandflies or namu (in Māori from Proto-Austronesian *ñamuk "mosquito", compare with Malay: nyamuk),[7][8] three species – A. australense, A. tillyardianum and A. ungulatum – bite humans.[9][7][10]
Species
editThese 30 species belong to the genus Austrosimulium:[11]
- Subgenus Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925
- Austrosimulium albovelatum Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium alveolatum Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium australense (Schiner, 1868) (New Zealand, Stewart Island)
- Austrosimulium bicorne Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium campbellense Dumbleton, 1973 (Campbell Island)
- Austrosimulium cornutum Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Victoria, NSW, Tasmania))
- Austrosimulium crassipes Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Victoria, NSW, Queensland))
- Austrosimulium dugdalei Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (North Island))
- Austrosimulium dumbletoni Crosby, 1976 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium extendorum Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (Stewart Island))
- Austrosimulium fiordense Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium fulvicorne Mackerras & Mackerras, 1950 (Australia (Queensland))
- Austrosimulium laticorne Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium longicorne Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand)
- Austrosimulium mirabile Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948 (Australia (Queensland))
- Austrosimulium montanum Mackerras & Mackerras, 1952 (Australia (NSW, Victoria))
- Austrosimulium multicorne Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium stewartense Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (Stewart Island, South Island))
- Austrosimulium tillyardianum Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand)
- Austrosimulium tonnoiri Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium ungulatum Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island, Stewart Island))
- Austrosimulium unicorne Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
- Austrosimulium vailavoense Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (Stewart Island, South Island))
- Austrosimulium vexans (Mik, 1881) (Auckland Islands)
- Subgenus Novaustrosimulium Dumbleton, 1973
- Austrosimulium bancrofti (Taylor, 1918) (Australia)
- Austrosimulium furiosum (Skuse, 1889) (Australia)
- Austrosimulium magnum Mackerras & Mackerras, 1955 (Australia (Queensland))
- Austrosimulium pestilens Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948 (Australia (Queensland, NSW, Northern Territory))
- Austrosimulium torrentium Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Tasmania, NSW, Victoria))
- Austrosimulium victoriae (Roubaud, 1906) (Australia)
Literature cited
edit- ^ Schiner, I.R. (1868). Diptera. vi In [Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. von (in charge)], Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara. Zool. 2(1)B. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn. pp. 388pp., 4 pls.
- ^ Peter H. Adler & Roger W. Crosskey (2009). World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory (PDF) (Report). p. 109.
- ^ Craig, Douglas Abercrombie McBeath; Craig, Ruth E. G.; Crosby, Trevor K. (2012-06-29). "Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)". Fauna of New Zealand. 68. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.68.
- ^ Douglas A. Craig & Trevor K. Crosby (2008). "Gynandromorphs of New Zealand Austrosimulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1811. New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 57–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1811.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
- ^ A. M. Fallis; S. A. Bisset; F. R. Allison (1976). "Leucocytozoon tawaki n.sp. (Eucoccida: Leucocytozoidae) from the penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, and preliminary observations on its development in Austrosimulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 3 (1). Wellington, New Zealand: The Royal Society of New Zealand: 11–16. doi:10.1080/03014223.1976.9517893.
- ^ T. K. Crosby (1976). "Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) dumbletoni n.sp. from New Zealand (Diptera: Simuliidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 3 (1). Wellington, New Zealand: The Royal Society of New Zealand: 17–19. doi:10.1080/03014223.1976.9517894.
- ^ a b Walrond, Carl (24 September 2007). "Sandflies and mosquitoes - Sandflies: New Zealand's blackflies". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*ñamuk: mosquito". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- ^ Early, John (2009). Know your New Zealand ... native insects & spiders. New Holland. p. 120. ISBN 9781869662530.
- ^ "Catalogue of Life, Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925". Retrieved 2024-10-12.
- ^ Adler, Peter H. (2024). World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory [2024] (PDF) (Report). Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
External links
edit- Citizen science observations for Austrosimulium at iNaturalist
- Media related to Austrosimulium at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Austrosimulium at Wikispecies
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130208160901/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/ei/EcoWtr/macroinv/macroinvertebrates.asp | page with many Macroinvertebrates listed, described and illustrated
