Wikipedia

Audrey Munson

Audrey Marie Munson (June 8, 1891 – February 20, 1996) was an American artist's model and film actress, considered to be "America's first supermodel."[1] In her time, she was variously known as "Miss Manhattan", the "Panama–Pacific Girl", the "Exposition Girl" and "American Venus." She was the model or inspiration for more than twelve statues in New York City, and many others elsewhere. Munson appeared in four silent films, including unclothed in Inspiration (1915). She was one of the first American actresses to appear nude in a non-pornographic film.[2]

Audrey Munson
Munson with Buzzer the cat in 1915
Born
Audrey Marie Munson

(1891-06-08)June 8, 1891
Rochester, New York, U.S.
DiedFebruary 20, 1996(1996-02-20) (aged 104)
Ogdensburg, New York, U.S.
Resting placeNew Haven Cemetery
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)Artist's model, actress
Years active1909–1921

Career

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Long after she and everyone else of this generation shall have become dust, Audrey Munson, who posed for three-fifths of all the statuary of the Panama–Pacific exposition, will live in the bronzes and canvasses of the art centers of the world.

— Richmond (Virginia) Times-Dispatch, August 1, 1915[3]
 
Adolph Alexander Weinman's Descending Night, featured on the cover of Sunset magazine (October 1915)[4]

Model

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Audrey Marie Munson was born in Rochester, New York, on June 8, 1891,[5][4]: 12  to Edgar Munson (1857–1945), who was a streetcar conductor and Western real estate speculator descended from English Puritans, and Katherine C. "Kittie" Mahoney (1863/1864–1958), a daughter of John and Cecilia Mahoney, Irish immigrants.[6] Her father was from Mexico, New York, and she later lived there. Her parents divorced when she was eight, and Audrey and her mother moved to Providence, Rhode Island.[7]

In 1909, mother and daughter moved to Washington Heights in New York City, where the 17-year-old Audrey sought a career as an actress and chorus girl.[1][8] Her first role on Broadway was as a "footman" in The Boy and The Girl at the Aerial Gardens of the New Amsterdam Theatre, which ran from May 31 – June 19, 1909.[9] She also appeared in The Girl and the Wizard, Girlies and La Belle Parée.[9]

While window-shopping on Fifth Avenue with her mother she was spotted by photographer Felix Benedict Herzog, who asked her to pose for him at his studio in the Lincoln Arcade Building on Broadway and 65th Street.[1] Herzog introduced her to his friends in the art world. She posed for muralist William de Leftwich Dodge, who gave her a letter of introduction to Isidore Konti. Konti was her first sculptor and her first nude modeling.[10] From this point, Munson would pose for a few well-known visual artists, including painter Francis Coates Jones, illustrators Harrison Fisher, Archie Gunn, and Charles Dana Gibson,[11] and photographers Herzog and Arnold Genthe,[1]: 29, 43  but she was predominately a sculptors' model.

Munson's first acknowledged credit is Konti's marble statuary called Three Graces, unveiled in the new Grand Ballroom at the Hotel Astor in Times Square in September 1909.[1] She posed for all three Graces. Soon after that and for the next decade, Munson became the model of choice for the first tier of American sculptors, posing for a long list of freestanding statuary, monuments, and allegorical architectural sculpture on state capitols and other major public buildings. According to The Sun in 1913, "Over a hundred artists agree that if the name of Miss Manhattan belongs to anyone in particular it is to this young woman."[12]

By 1915, she was so well- established that she became Alexander Stirling Calder's model of choice when he became Director of Sculpture for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition held in San Francisco that year. Her figure was "ninety times repeated against the sky" on one building alone, atop the colonnades of the Court of the Universe, roughly modeled on St. Peter's Square in the Vatican.[13] In fact, Munson posed for three-fifths of the sculpture created for the event[3] and earned fame as the "Panama–Pacific Girl".[14]

Film actress

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Audrey Munson in Purity, Liberty Theatre

Munson's newfound celebrity helped launch her career in the nascent film industry and she starred in four silent films. In the first, Inspiration (1915), made by the Thanhouser Film Corporation in New Rochelle, New York and directed by George Foster Platt, she appeared fully nude in a story of a sculptor's model.[8] The censors were reluctant to ban the film, fearing they would also have to ban Renaissance art. Munson's films were a box office success, although the critics were divided.[4]: 81–82  Thanhouser hired a lookalike named Jane Thomas to do Munson's acting scenes, while Munson did the scenes where she posed nude.[15] Although Munson's appearance in Inspiration is sometimes said to be the first occasion of an American actress appearing nude in a non-pornographic film,[16] according to film historian Karen Ward Mahr, Margaret Edwards did so first in Hypocrites, which was released earlier in 1915.[17]

Munson's second film, Purity (1916), made by the American Film Company in Santa Barbara, California and directed by Rae Berger, is the only one of her films to survive, being rediscovered in 1993 in a "pornography" collection in France and acquired by the French national cinema archive.[1] Her third film, The Girl o' Dreams, also made by American in Santa Barbara and probably directed by Tom Ricketts from a story by William Pigott (the American Film Institute catalog lists Pigott as director, but all his other credits list him as a writer), was completed by the fall of 1916; although the film is mentioned on the credit lists of several of its actors in the October 21, 1916 Motion Picture Studio Directory, it was not released at that time and not copyrighted until December 31, 1918; there is no subsequent mention of the film and it may never have been released.[18][19]

Munson returned to the East Coast by train via Syracuse in December 1916, having been involved with high society in New York and Newport, Rhode Island. There are accounts in which her mother insists she married the son of a "Comstock Lode" silver heir, Hermann Oelrichs Jr., then the richest bachelor in America. There is no record of this. On January 27, 1919, she wrote a rambling letter to the U.S. State Department denouncing Oelrichs as part of a pro-German network that had driven her out of the movie business. She said she planned to abandon the United States to restart her movie career in England.[1][20]

 
in Heedless Moths (1921)

Notoriety

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In 1919, Audrey Munson was living with her mother in a boarding house at 164 West 65th Street, Manhattan, owned by Dr. Walter Wilkins. Wilkins fell in love with Munson, and on February 27, murdered his wife, Julia, so he could be available for marriage.[16] Munson and her mother left New York, and the police sought them for questioning. After a nationwide hunt, they were located. They refused to return to New York, but were questioned by agents from the Burns Detective Agency in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The contents of the affidavits they supplied have never been revealed, but Audrey Munson strongly denied that she had any romantic relationship with Dr. Wilkins.[1] Wilkins was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to the electric chair. He hanged himself in his prison cell before the sentence could be carried out.[21]

The Wilkins killing may even have marked the end of Munson's modeling career, although she continued to seek regular newspaper coverage. By 1920, Munson could not find work anywhere and was reported as living in Syracuse, New York, supported by her mother, who sold kitchen utensils door-to-door. In November 1920, she was said to be working as a ticket-taker in a dime museum.[22]

 
Munson posed for all these Panama-Pacific International Exhibition sculptures.

From January to May 1921, a series of twenty serialized articles ran in Hearst's Sunday Magazine in dozens of Sunday newspaper supplements,[23][24] under Munson's name, entitled By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios'. The twenty articles relate anecdotes from her career, with warnings about the fates of other models. In one of them, she asked the reader to imagine her future:[16]

What becomes of the artists' models? I am wondering if many of my readers have not stood before a masterpiece of lovely sculpture or a remarkable painting of a young girl, her very abandonment of draperies accentuating rather than diminishing her modesty and purity, and asked themselves the question, "Where is she now, this model who was so beautiful?"

In February that year, agent-producer Allen Rock took out advertisements showing a $27,500 check he said he had paid Munson to star in a fourth film titled Heedless Moths, directed by Robert Z. Leonard from his own screenplay based on these writings. She later said the $27,500 check was just a "publicity stunt," and she filed suit against Allen Rock.[1] Those proceedings revealed that the twenty articles had been ghostwritten by journalist Henry Leyford Gates.[25]

In the summer of 1921, Munson conducted a nationwide search, carried by the United Press, for the perfect man to marry. She ended the search in August claiming she didn't want to get married anyway.[26] On October 3, 1921 she was arrested at the Royal Theater (later the Towne Theater) in St. Louis on a morals charge related to her personal appearance with the film Innocence (the reissue title of Purity), in which she had a leading role.[27] She and her manager, independent film producer Ben Judell,[28] were both acquitted. Weeks later, she was still appearing in St. Louis, along with screenings of Innocence, enacting "a series of new poses from famous paintings".[29]

On May 27, 1922, Munson attempted suicide by swallowing a solution of bichloride of mercury.[30]

Later life and death

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On June 8, 1931, Munson's mother petitioned a judge to commit her to a mental asylum. The Oswego County judge ordered Munson be admitted into a psychiatric facility for treatment on her 40th birthday.[8] She remained in the St. Lawrence State Hospital for the Insane in Ogdensburg, New York, where she was treated for depression and schizophrenia for 65 years, until she died at the age of 104. During her stay at the institution, she often maintained her physical beauty with milk, yogurt and urine.[16][31]

In the mid-1950s, Munson was still famous enough to serve as the subject of an anecdote in a memoir that P.G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton wrote of their years on Broadway, Bring on the Girls! (1953), though that memoir is considered more fiction than fact by Wodehouse's biographer.[32][a]

Munson had no visitors at the asylum for over 25 years after her mother died in 1958, until her half-niece, Darlene Bradley, rediscovered her in 1984, when Munson was 93.[1] In the mid-1980s, Munson, in her mid-90s, was moved to a nursing home in Massena, New York, as the original hospital closed; however, she would often escape to a nearby bar, with employees in the nursing home having to find her. Consequently, she was moved back to the new mental institution. By the time she turned 100, she had no teeth and lost much of her hearing but was otherwise in good health.[34] Shortly after her 100th birthday, Munson broke a hip. Munson died on February 20, 1996, at the age of 104. At the time only one local newspaper reported her death.[35] She was buried at New Haven Cemetery in New Haven, New York, and she received a headstone on her grave on June 8, 2016, 20 years after her death and on what would have been her 125th birthday.[36]

Sculptures of Munson

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This table is organized by sculptor and date. She posed for most of the sculptors who created architectural and fountain sculptures for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, and for other sculptors who exhibited there.

Coverage of Munson's career contained inaccuracies during her lifetime, and errors about the works for which she modeled have been perpetuated. Munson herself was inconsistent about her age and other matters. For example, a June 1915 article listed the 24-year-old Munson's age as 18,[14] and an August 1915 press release claimed that she started posing at age 14[3] which would have been four years prior to her first known modeling credit, for Konti's Three Graces group at the Hotel Astor, unveiled to the public in September 1909 when she was 18.

Key:
Works for which Munson was
too young to have posed
Works for which Munson
confirmed she posed
Works for which Munson allegedly
posed, but without direct evidence
Panama-Pacific
International Exposition
Sculptor Title Image Year Location/GPS Coordinates Material Height Notes
Herbert Adams The Three Graces[11]   1912 James McMillan Fountain,
McMillan Reservoir,
Washington, D.C. 		bronze 12 ft (3.7 m)
(overall)
 
The McMillan Fountain was disassembled for the
1941 expansion of McMillan Reservoir. The
pieces spent decades in storage, and suffered
vandalism. Only the central figures and upper
basin remain.[37]
Priestess of Culture[38]   1914 Rotunda, Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff 51.5 in (131 cm) Adams was awarded a PPIE Medal of Honor for his sculpture.[39]: 229 

 
 
Eight identical goddess figures stood atop columns
inside the Rotunda of the Palace of Fine Arts.
Those now in place are reproductions.

The two surviving original figures are in the
collection of the Exploratorium.
Robert Ingersoll Aitken Greenhut Mausoleum door[40]   1913 tomb of merchandiser Joseph B. Greenhut,
Salem Fields Cemetery,
Brooklyn, New York City 		bronze Stone, Gould & Farrington, architects
Gates Mausoleum door 1913 John Warne Gates Mausoleum,
Woodlawn Cemetery,
Bronx, New York City 		bronze Stone, Gould & Farrington, architects[41]

Aitken was awarded a PPIE silver medal for his sculpture.[39]: 230 
Panama-Pacific $50 U.S. Gold Coin[42]   1915
The Elements: Air   1915 Flanking stairs to sunken garden,
Court of the Universe,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
The Elements: Earth  
Fountain of the Earth   1915 Court of the Universe,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
 
Fountain of the Earth:
Karl Bitter Venus   c.1895 Library,
Biltmore Estate,
Asheville, North Carolina 		steel Bitter's andiron figure of Venus for Biltmore was completed in 1895,[b]
when Munson was 4 years old.

A life-sided Venus Coming from the Bath was photographed in
Bitter's studio in 1901,[45] when Munson was 10 years old.
Venus de Milo (with arms) by 1921 Noordeinde Palace,
The Hague, Netherlands 		marble Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands commissioned a Venus de
Milo (with arms) from Bitter. Munson wrote that Bitter experimented
with different arrangements of the arms, modeled the sculpture in
clay, and carved it in marble himself.[46]
Peace[47]   1896–1900 Appellate Division Courthouse of
New York State,
35 East 25th Street,
Manhattan, New York City 		Bitter completed his work on the Appellate Courthouse in June
1899,[48] about the time Munson turned 8 years old.
Peace   by 1921 Munson wrote that she posed for Bitter for a sculpture of Peace
(pictured), but it was not the Appellate Courthouse work.[46]
Liberty Supported by the Law[11][49]   1906–1910 East Pediment,
Wisconsin State Capitol
Madison, Wisconsin 		Bethel Vermont
granite 		96 in (240 cm)
 
East Pediment:
Bas relief: Diana[46] c.1910? Ballroom,
George Jay Gould I Mansion,
Manhattan, New York City 		marble
 
This may have been related to Bitter's famous 1910
bronze of Diana:
Pomona or Abundance[50]   plaster
1898, 1915

bronze
1916
(by Konti) 		Pulitzer Fountain,
Grand Army Plaza,
Manhattan, New York City 		bronze plaster
24 in (61 cm)

bronze
84 in (210 cm)
 
Pomona was a 24 in (61 cm) plaster maquette at
the time of Bitter's April 9, 1915 death.[51] Bitter's
widow asked Isidore Konti to complete the work,
which was dedicated in May 1916.[51]

Munson was publicly credited as the model for
Pomona as early as August 1916.[52]

Actress Doris Doscher (1882–1970) later claimed to have been the
model for Pomona.[53] (Bitter may have used more than one model,
or Konti may have used a different model.)
Alexander Stirling Calder Star Maiden[54]   1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition

Oakland Museum
Oakland, California 		bronze 48 in (120 cm)
 
 
Star Maiden was repeated ninety-five times as a
roof balustrade figure surrounding the Court of
the Universe and the Colonnade of Stars:
Flower Girl[55]   1915 Court of Flowers,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Flower Girl was repeated in niches above the
colonnade of the Court of Flowers. Edgar Walter's
Beauty and the Beast Fountain is in the foreground.
Enterprise
Crowning figure 		  1915 The Nations of the West,
atop Arch of the Setting Sun,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
 
The Nations of the West:

Arch of the Setting Sun:
The Mother of Tomorrow[56]: opp. 22 
Central figure 		 
Eastern Hemisphere
(reclining female nude with the head of a
lioness, east side of the globe) 		  1915 Fountain of Energy,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 

 

 
Fountain of Energy:
The Atlantic Ocean
(F. G. R. Roth modeled the dolphin)[57] 		 
The Pacific Ocean
(F. G. R. Roth modeled the manatee)[57] 		 
Nereid No. 1,[58] No. 2 and No. 3
(F. G. R. Roth modeled the dolphins)[57] Three nereids riding dolphins, repeated (as a group) four times around the fountain's basin. A water jet spouted from each dolphin's mouth. 		 
 
Caryatid[59]
(John Bateman assisted on this work)[60]: 44  		  1915 Attic of Colonnade (above each column),
Court of Palms,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Court of Palms:
Ulric Ellerhusen Wonderment[61]   1915 exterior of Rotunda dome,
Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff 23 ft (7.0 m)
 

 
A pair of standing figures, Contemplation (male)
and Wonderment (female), flank the relief panels
on each face of the Rotunda's dome.[60]

The figures were recast in cast stone by Spero
Anargyros in 1969.[62]
Consolation[60]: 160 
(Weeping Maidens or Drooping Maidens) 		  Pergola of the Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		"In the goddesses atop the towers and minarets and in the Grecian
boxes adorning the Roman columns of the Palace of the Fine Arts
will be found the enchanting line of the [Munson's] girlish form."[3]
Garland figures[60]: 162    Peristyle Walk, Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		A set of five larger-than-life, high-relief figures, repeated around
the four semi-circular, ground-level planters
John Flanagan Medallion: Head of Audrey Munson[63]: 435  1915 Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		bronze Flanagan was awarded a PPIE Medal of Honor for his sculpture.[39]: 234 
Medal of Award, Panama-Pacific
International Exposition[64] 		  1915 bronze 2.76 in (70 mm)
 
obverse:
Daniel Chester French Mourning Victory[c]   1906–1908 Melvin Memorial,[65]
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery,
Concord, Massachusetts 		Tennessee marble 115 in (290 cm)
 
Memorial to Asa, Samuel and John Melvin,
three brothers who fought and died in the
American Civil War.[66]

Munson was 15 years old when the memorial was completed.
Mourning Victory[67]
(mirror image of the Melvin Memorial)[68]: 335  		  carved
1912–1914 		Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Manhattan, New York City 		marble 120.5 in (306 cm)
 
James C. Melvin, the only surviving brother,
funded the carving of a mirror-image marble
version, and donated it to MMA.[69]

MMA also owns a bronze cast of Victory's head.[70]
Memory[71]   modeled
c.1909

carved
1917–1919 		Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Manhattan, New York City 		marble 57.5 in (146 cm)
 
A plaster model is at Chesterwood, French's home
and studio in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
(Pictured, center)

Jurisprudence[72]   1910–1912 Metzenbaum United States Courthouse,
Cleveland, Ohio 		marble 12 ft (3.7 m)
 
Located at street level, near the corners of the
Superior Avenue façade.
Commerce[73]   1910–1912 marble 12 ft (3.7 m)
Wisconsin[74]   1912 Wisconsin State Capitol,
Madison, Wisconsin 		gilded bronze 15.5 ft (4.7 m)
 
Atop Wisconsin State Capitol Dome:
Evangeline[75][76]
(bas relief figure, 2nd from right) 		  1912–1914 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Memorial,
Longfellow Park,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 		marble 36 in (91 cm)
 
In Longfellow Park:
The Spirit of Life[77]  
  		1913–1915 Spencer Trask Memorial,
Congress Park,
Saratoga Springs, New York 		bronze 122 in (310 cm)
 
In Congress Park:

 
Eight bronze casts from French's 1914 reduced-
size working model are in the collections of:
Smithsonian American Art Museum,[78]
Indianapolis Museum of Art,[79]
Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey,[80]
Brooks Memorial Library, Brattleboro, Vermont,[81]
and elsewhere.
The Genius of Creation

Eve[d] 		 
  		1915 West entrance to Palace of Machinery,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff French was awarded a PPIE Medal of Honor for his sculpture.[39]: 235 

 
 
West entrance to Palace of Machinery:

A plaster model is at Chesterwood,[82] French's
home and studio in Stockbridge, Massachusetts:
Brooklyn[83]   1916 Brooklyn Museum,
Brooklyn, New York City 		granite The pair were created to adorn the Brooklyn side of the
Manhattan Bridge.

Relocated to exterior of the Brooklyn Museum, 1963.

At least some of the modeling for the Brooklyn figure was done by
Rosalie Miller.[84]
Manhattan[85]   1916 granite
Sherry Edmundson Fry 70th Street pediment[11]   1913 Frick Mansion,
Fifth Avenue & East 70th Street,
Manhattan, New York City 		Bedford blue
limestone
Maidenhood[86] 1914 Brookgreen Gardens,
Murrells Inlet, South Carolina 		bronze 67.3 in (171 cm) Ex collection: Metropolitan Museum of Art[38]
Peace (Maidenhood)   1914–1915 Peristyle Walk,
Exterior of Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		bronze Fry was awarded a PPIE silver medal for his sculpture.[39]: 235 
Cartouche 1915 Female nude beside shield, over great
arched window of Festival Hall,[56]: 125 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Festival Hall:
Flora[87]   Twin figures atop pedestals at base of
pylons of Festival Hall,[56]: 125 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
Torch Bearer   Figure repeated atop the four corner
domes of Festival Hall,[56]: 125 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
Reclining Woman (Listening Woman)
Pylon figure 		  atop east pylon of Festival Hall,[56]: 125 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
Ceres, Goddess of Agriculture[88] 1921 Missouri State Capitol,
Jefferson City, Missouri 		bronze 124 in (310 cm)[89]
 
Atop Missouri State Capitol Dome:
Carl Augustus Heber Spirit of Commerce[90]   1909–1914 Manhattan Bridge (south pier),
Manhattan, New York City 		granite
Relief tablet over entrance   c.1912 The Little Theatre
(now Helen Hayes Theatre),
238 West 44th Street,
Manhattan, New York City 		marble
 
In a 1913 photograph:
Albert Jaegers Harvest (Nature)   1915 atop Half-Dome,
Court of the Four Seasons,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff Jaegers was awarded a PPIE bronze medal for his sculpture.[39]: 237 

 
Half Dome, Court of the Four Seasons:
Sunshine
Rain 		 
  		atop columns flanking the Half-Dome,
Court of the Four Seasons,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
The Feast of Sacrifice[91]  
  		Heroic-sized group, repeated twice
atop pylons above Forecourt of Ceres,
Court of the Four Seasons,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
 
The Feast of Sacrifice (at upper corners):
Augustus Jaegers[63]: 435  Abundance[92]
Attic figures 		  1915 Court of the Four Seasons,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Augustus Jaegers (brother of Albert) modeled the
attic and spandrel figures on the arcades in the
Court of the Four Seasons.[93]

Abundance was repeated sixteen times on the arcades.
Isidore Konti The Three Graces   c.1909 marble
 
Created for the new ballroom of the Hotel Astor,
opened September 29, 1909 (second balcony):

At the other end of the ballroom, a companion
marble group called The Song featured similar
figures, possibly also modeled by Munson.[51]: plate 26 
Three Muses[94]   undated Hudson River Museum,
Yonkers, New York 		plaster 23 in (58 cm)
Mother and Child: The Bath
(Fountain Group)[38] 		  c.1910 private collection marble two-thirds
life size[51]: plate 35 
Solace[11][95] 1911 Hudson River Museum,[51]: plate 46 
Yonkers, New York 		plaster 28 in (71 cm)
Fame and Victory (relief figures)[51]: plate 51    c.1915 Column of Human Progress,
Forecourt of the Stars,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Four relief panels with heroic-sized figures
surrounded the base of the 180 ft (55 m)-tall
Column of Human Progress.[51]: plate 51 

Munson was the model for Fame and Victory,
which flanked the entrance to its vault.[51]: plate 51 
Pomona   1915–1916 Pulitzer Fountain,
Grand Army Plaza,
Manhattan, New York City 		bronze 84 in (210 cm)
 
Karl Bitter's widow asked Konti to complete Pomona
following Bitter's death in April 1915. Konti enlarged
it from a 24 in (61 cm) maquette, added detail, and
made minor changes. His full-size plaster model was
completed in January 1916, approved by Bitter's
widow in February, and sent to the foundry in March.
The fountain was dedicated in May 1916.[51]: plate 64 
Evelyn Beatrice Longman Consecration (L'Amour)[96][38]   modeled
1909–1912

carved
1914 		Wadsworth Athenaeum,
Hartford, Connecticut 		marble 36 in (91 cm) Exhibited in the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1915 Panama-Pacific
International Exposition.
Longman was awarded a PPIE silver medal for her sculpture.[39]: 239 
Fountain of Ceres   1915 Forecourt, Court of the Four Seasons,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Forecourt, Court of the Four Seasons:
Augustus Lukeman Memory[97]
Titanic Memorial 		  1913–1914 Straus Memorial,
Straus Park,
West 106th Street (west of Broadway),
Manhattan, New York City 		bronze 36 in (91 cm)
 
Memorial to Ida and Isidor Straus, who died
in the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic.

The park and memorial were dedicated on
April 15, 1915, the third anniversary of the sinking.
Frederick MacMonnies Beauty[98]   c.1911–1917 New York Public Library Main Branch,
Fifth Avenue at East 41st Street,
Manhattan, New York City 		Carrara marble 120 in (300 cm)
 
Located just south of the Fifth Avenue entrance.

Munson wrote that MacMonnies used her for the
legs, and another model for the torso and face.[e]
Allen George Newman Mermaid (unlocated)   1910 Music of the Waters Fountain
(demolished),[100]
Riverside Drive at 156th Street,
Manhattan, New York City 		marble "Up on Riverside Drive, Allen George Newman's fountain 'Music
of the Water' shows another pose of this young woman."[101]
The Triumph of Peace[102]   1911 Peace Monument,
Piedmont Park,
Atlanta, Georgia 		bronze 108 in (270 cm)
 
Peace Monument in Piedmont Park:
Florida's Tribute to the Women of the
Confederacy[103] 		  1914–1915 Confederate Park,
Jacksonville, Florida 		bronze seated figure
42 in (110 cm)

flagbearer
13 ft (4.0 m)
 
Muson likely posed for the flagbearer atop the
monument.[f] She also may have posed for the
young mother reading to her children.
Attilio Piccirilli Columbia Triumphant[11]   1901–1913 USS Maine National Monument,[104]
Central Park,
Manhattan, New York City 		gilded bronze 16.5 ft (5.0 m)
 

 
Peace[11]   marble
Duty[11]   1910–1913 Firemen's Memorial,
Riverside Park,
Riverside Drive at West 100th Street,
Manhattan, New York City 		Knoxville marble
 
Sacrifice[11]  
A Soul
(Alone?[4] Widowhood?)[g] 		1915 Exhibited outside Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		marble Piccirilli was awarded a PPIE gold medal for his sculpture.[39]: 241 
Sapientia (Wisdom)[11]   completed
1917 		Learning of the World (north pediment),
Wisconsin State Capitol,
Madison, Wisconsin 		Bethel white granite 96 in (240 cm)
 
North pediment:
Furio Piccirilli Eurydice[106]: 512    1911 Exhibited outside Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		marble Piccirilli was awarded a PPIE silver medal for his sculpture.[39]: 241 
Summer   1915 Court of the Four Seasons,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Each season group was placed in a niche screened
by a colonnade, and set upon a curved stepped
base, down which water cascaded.
Autumn  
 
Fountain of Autumn:
Winter  
 
Fountain of Winter:
Spring
(Munson posed for both the female
figures)[107] 		 
 
Fountain of Spring:
Edmond Thomas Quinn Audrey[108][109] 1915 Exhibited at Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		freestanding bronze Quinn was awarded a PPIE silver medal for his sculpture.[39]: 242 
Ulysses Ricci Portrait of Miss Audrey Munson[110] 1914 whereabouts unknown bronze[111] Exhibited at National Academy of Design in 1914

Exhibited at Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts[111]
Frederick Ruckstull Monument to South Carolina Women of
the Confederacy[112] 		  1909–1912 South Carolina State House,
Columbia, South Carolina 		bronze 14 ft (4.3 m)
Salvatore Cartaino Scarpitta Lady Godiva by 1914 unknown silver "Even on Fifth avenue you will find her at a famous
silversmith's sitting dejectedly on a white horse as Lady
Godiva in a beautiful piece of work made by Scarpetti [sic]."[11]
The Light That Failed[75]   1915
Starlight[75] c.1915 Collection of John D. Rockefeller Jr.
(1921)
Maidenhood[113] by 1921 Collection of Henry Clay Frick (1921)
Francois Tonetti Water Nymph[10] by 1921 Kykuit (John D. Rockefeller Estate)
Pocantico Hills, New York
Edgar Walter Beauty and the Beast   1915 Beauty and the Beast Fountain,
Court of Flowers,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Beauty and the Beast Fountain:
Adolph Alexander Weinman Day and Night

Pair of figures flanking the exterior clocks,
repeated over the station's four main
entrances.

The station was demolished, 1963-1966. 		 
 
  		c.1910 Pennsylvania Station,
(bordered by 31st Street, 7th Avenue,
33rd Street and 8th Avenue),
Manhattan, New York City 		pink granite 10 ft (3.0 m)
 
Weinman's figures of Day and Night flanked the
clocks over the station's 7th and 8th Avenue main
entrances, and were repeated over the 31st and
33rd Street entrances.

A salvaged figure of Night was donated to the
Brooklyn Museum in 1966.[114]

 
A complete clock entablature decorates the Eagle
Scout Memorial Fountain in Kansas City, Missouri.

Another clock entablature (disassembled) is at
Ringwood State Park in Passaic County, New
Jersey.[115]
Civic Fame[116][38]   1913 atop Manhattan Municipal Building,
Centre Street at Chambers Street,
Manhattan, New York City 		gilded bronze 25 ft (7.6 m)
 
Manhattan Municipal Building:
Descending Night[10]
atop column 		  1915 Fountain of the Setting Sun,
Court of the Universe,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff
 
Fountain of the Setting Sun (at left):
Goddess of Truth
at base of column 		 
Walking Liberty Half Dollar   1916 90% silver
10% copper 		1.203 in (30.6 mm)
 
Munson also may have been Weinman's model for
the Mercury dime (1916).
Daphnis and Chloe[117][h] by 1921 Devonshire House, (prior to 1921)
London, England 		as Chloe
Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney Paganism Immortal[42]   c.1910
Fountain of El Dorado[42]  

  		1915 Tower of Jewels Arcade,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		Whitney was awarded a PPIE bronze medal for her sculpture.[39]: 248 

 
"[Munson] mingles, many times over, in the crowd
pressing forward toward the mysterious portal of
Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney's Fountain of El
Dorado."[118]
Bruno Louis Zimm Relief panels:
The Triumph of the Arts
The Struggle for the Beautiful
The Power of the Arts[119] 		  1915 Attic of Rotunda,
Palace of Fine Arts,
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 		staff 14 ft (4.3 m)
 
 
Truth is the nude female figure at the center of
The Struggle for the Beautiful.

Filmography

edit
 
Thumbnail sketches of Munson in the poses of famous works of art, 1916 newspaper ad for Purity. Munson was the model for Karl Bitter's Pomona (3rd from left) and Adolph Alexander Weinman's Descending Night (center).[52]

All four films in which Munson appeared were thought to have been lost, until a copy of Purity (1916) was recovered in France in 2009.[120]

 
Audrey Munson and Thomas A. Curran in Inspiration (1915), her film debut
Year Title Role Notes
1915 Inspiration The Model Reissued as The Perfect Model (1918)[24][23]
1916 Purity Purity / Virtue [23]
1916 The Girl o' Dreams Norma Hansen [23]
1921 Heedless Moths Audrey Munson Based on Munson's stories and articles for Hearst's Sunday Magazine[23]

In 2010, film director Roberto Serrini made a documentary[121] about Munson which was featured in several news outlets including the New York Post.[122]

References

edit

Informational notes

  1. ^ A letter to The New York Times in 1996 recounted the story:[33]

    Wodehouse was working alone in an apartment that has recently been vacated by a sculptor. His wife told him to expect a woman who would redo the couch, so when Audrey Munson knocked and asked if there was any work for her, Wodehouse said yes and "How much would it be altogether?"

    "You want the altogether?" she replied and ducked into a bedroom. She "emerged in an advanced form of nudity," which Wodehouse thought was "pretty eccentric even for a lady decorator."

    Anyway, things got sorted out, and Bolton thought the situation so funny that he incorporated it into the play they were working on, Oh, Lady, Lady.
  2. ^ Bitter modeled a statuette of Venus as the crowning figure for an andiron in the library of the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina, 1893–1895.[43] He exhibited a plaster version at the National Sculpture Society in 1898,[44] and donated a 23.75 in (60.3 cm) bronze cast to the National Academy of Design in May 1904.[44]
  3. ^ The early date makes it unlikely that Munson posed for the Melvin Memorial in 1906 (at age 14 or 15). Six years later, French created a mirror-image version for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, likely the Mourning Victory for which Munson posed. See Talk page for discussion.
  4. ^ The PPIE catalogue for the Palace of Fine Arts does not list a sculpture by French titled Eve.[39]: 235  Adam and Eve may be the nude couple flanking the Angel on French's Genius of Creation. See Talk page for discussion.
  5. ^ "When Mr. MacMonnies made this charming work he showed the face and torso of a model who fitted closer in these respects to his inspiration than did mine, but my legs were better for his purposes than hers."[99]
  6. ^ Munson misremembered the figure as having been for the dome of the South Carolina State House (which has no statue).[38]
  7. ^ A Soul was a figure study of woman rising and twisting her body.[105] The titles Alone and Widowhood do not appear in the PPIE catalogue for the Palace of Fine Arts.[39]: 241 
  8. ^ This direct claim made over Munson's name in the 5th of her 20 articles is not consistent with the declining fortunes of the Devonshire House circa World War I, nor with Weinman's exhaustive C.V., which shows no work at all outside the United States

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bone, James (2016). The Curse of Beauty: The Scandalous and Tragic Life of Audrey Munson, America's First Supermodel. New York City: ReganArts.
  2. ^ "Unearthing Audrey Munson: Hollywood's First Nude Model". The Editorial. November 11, 2021. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d "Millions Will View Her Classic Features". Richmond (Virginia) Times-Dispatch. August 1, 1915. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d Rozas and Bourne-Gottehrer (1999). American Venus: The Extraordinary Life of Audrey Munson, Model and Muse. Los Angeles: Balcony Press.
  5. ^ White, Justin D. "Rediscovering Audrey" (PDF). Andreageyer.info.
  6. ^ Roberts, Sam. (December 15, 2022) "Overlooked No More: Audrey Munson, Forgotten but, Living On in Sculptures, Not Gone" The New York Times.
  7. ^ Bone, James (April 23, 2016). "The Glamorous Life And Tragic Fall of America's First Supermodel". The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c Roberts, Sam (December 15, 2022). "Overlooked No More: Audrey Munson, Forgotten but, Living On in Sculptures, Not Gone". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  9. ^ a b "Internet Broadway Database".
  10. ^ a b c Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 1." The San Francisco Examiner, January 9, 1921, p. 83.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The 'Most Copied' Girl in America," The El Paso Times, March 22, 1914, p. 48.
  12. ^ Jacobs, Andrew (April 14, 1996). "Rescuing a Heroine From the Clutches of Obscurity". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  13. ^ James, Juliet Helena Lumbard (January 1, 1915). Palaces and Courts of the Exposition: A Handbook of the Architecture, Sculpture and Mural Paintings with Special Reference to the Symbolism. California Book Company. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-1-4142-8575-7. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  14. ^ a b "The Broad Minded Romance of the Famous Panama-Pacific Girl". Richmond Times-Dispatch. June 27, 1915. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  15. ^ Donnelly, Elisabeth (Summer 2015). "Descending Night". The Believer. Vol. 13, no. 2. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c d Knafo, Saki (December 9, 2007). "The Girl Beneath the Gilding". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  17. ^ Mahr, Karen Ward (2008) Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.93-94 ISBN 9780801890840
  18. ^ "The Girl O'Dreams" University of California, Santa Barbara website
  19. ^ "AFI|Catalog".
  20. ^ "Fold3.com FBI archive "Old German Case Files"". 1919.
  21. ^ "Audrey Munson: "Miss Manhattan" Died in Obscurity in 1996 | Keith York City". Keithyorkcity.wordpress.com. October 25, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  22. ^ Locan, Clarence A. (November 7, 1920). "Audrey Munson, Whose "Perfect Form" Was the Rage Here in 1915, Destitute in East". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  23. ^ a b c d e "Audrey Munson". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  24. ^ a b Bowers, Q. David. "Inspiration". Thanhouser Films: An Encyclopedia and History. Thanhouser Company Film Preservation, Inc. Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  25. ^ "Journalist Finds New Material on Genocide Survivor Film Star Aurora Mardiganian". Armenian Spectator-Review. May 19, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  26. ^ "Audrey Munson Retreats in Face of Concerted Drive by Many "Perfect" Men". Buffalo Enquirer. August 19, 1921. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  27. ^ "Audrey Munson Pinched for Posing, Tells View of Silk-Shinned Immorality". Belvidere (Illinois) Daily Republican. October 4, 1921. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  28. ^ later of Producers Releasing Corporation
  29. ^ "Innocence ad". No. October 27, 1921. St. Louis Star and Times. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  30. ^ "Model Who Attempted Suicide by Poison Will Recover". The New York Times. May 29, 1922. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  31. ^ Brock, Chris (September 19, 2014). "'American Muse' story of beauty from Oswego County carved in stone, forgotten in memory". Watertown Daily Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  32. ^ Donaldson, Frances (1983). P.G. Wodehouse: The Authorized Biography. London: Futura. p. 12. ISBN 0-7088-2356-4.
  33. ^ Weller, Steve (June 16, 1996). "Famed Artist's Model Bared All for a Playwright". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  34. ^ Geyer, Andrea (2008). "Queen of the artists' studios, the story of Audrey Munson". Multitudes. 31 (4): 133–154. doi:10.3917/mult.031.0133.
  35. ^ Number: 082-42-0284; Issue State: New York; Issue Date: 1996. Ancestry.com. U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935–2014 [database on-line]. Provo, UT: USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.
  36. ^ "Audrey Munson's headstone in New Haven Cemetery dedicated". June 13, 2016.
  37. ^ McMillan Fountain, from SIRIS.
  38. ^ a b c d e f Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 7." The Washington Times, February 20, 1921, p. 83.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Official Catalogue of the Department of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition (with Awards) San Francisco, California ... Wahlgreen Company. January 1, 1915. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  40. ^ "Twenty-Eighth Annual Exhibition of Architectural League of New York". The American Architect. 103: 104. February 12, 1913. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  41. ^ American Stone Trade. August 5, 1913. p. 29. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  42. ^ a b c Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 6." The San Francisco Examiner, February 13, 1921, p. 85.
  43. ^ Wayne Craven, Gilded Mansions: Grand Architecture and High Society (W. W. Norton & Company, 2009), p. 203.
  44. ^ a b David B. Dearinger, Paintings & Sculpture at the National Academy of Design, Volume 1: 1826–1925 (Hudson Hills Press, 2004), p. 44.
  45. ^ National Magazine, vol. 13, no. 6 (March 1901) (Boston: Joe Mitchell Chapple), p. 491.[1]
  46. ^ a b c Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 4." The San Francisco Examiner, January 30, 1921, p. 80.
  47. ^ Peace, from SIRIS.
  48. ^ Dennis, James M., Karl Bitter: Architectural Sculptor 1867–1915, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1967, p. 71.
  49. ^ Liberty Supported by the Law, from SIRIS.
  50. ^ Pulitzer Fountain, from SIRIS.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i Madigan, Mary Jean Smith (January 1, 1974). The Sculpture of Isidore Konti, 1862–1938: Exhibition, January 26 – March 30 1974. Hudson River Museum. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  52. ^ a b Moving Picture World, vol. 29, no. 9 (August 26, 1916), p. 1355
  53. ^ Kevin C. Fitzpatrick, The Algonquin Round Table, New York: A Historical Guide (Rowman & Little, 2015), p. 185.
  54. ^ Star Figure, from SIRIS.
  55. ^ "Audrey Monson in 'The Flower Girl'." Goodwin's Weekly, November 25, 1916, p. 12.[2]
  56. ^ a b c d e John Daniel Barry, The City of Domes: A Walk with an Architect about the Courts and Palaces of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (San Francisco: John J. Newbegin, 1915).
  57. ^ a b c Henry Rankin Poore, "Stirling Calder, Sculptor" The International Studio, vol. 57, no. (April 1919), pp. XXXVII-LI.[3]
  58. ^ "Nereid, no. 1; by A. Sterling Calder," Catalogue of Copyright Entries for the Year 1914: Works of Art (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1914), p. 165.[4]
  59. ^ "Caryatid; by A. Sterling Calder," Catalogue of Copyright Entries for the Year 1914: Works of Art (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1914), p. 165.[5]
  60. ^ a b c d Mullgardt, Louis Christian (January 1, 1915). The Architecture and Landscape Gardening of the Exposition – A Pictorial Survey of the Most Beautiful of the Compositions of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: Paul Elder and Company. p. 160. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  61. ^ American Art Directory vol. 20. R.R. Bowker. January 1, 1923. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  62. ^ Bragman, Bob (March 21, 2017). "Save the Palace of Fine Arts? In the 60s, SF wasn't so sure". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  63. ^ a b Gardner Teall, "Art: The Mirror of American Genius," Hearst's Magazine, vol. 27, no. 5 (May 1915), pp. 434–37.[6]
  64. ^ Medal of Award, PPIE, from MMA.
  65. ^ Mourning Victory, from SIRIS.
  66. ^ James C. Melvin, The Melvin Memorial, Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts, A Brother's Tribute, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1910), p. xvi.[7]
  67. ^ Mourning Victory (MMA), from SIRIS.
  68. ^ Thayer Tolles, ed., American Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born before 1865 (MMA, 1999).
  69. ^ Mourning Victory, from MMA.
  70. ^ Study for a Head, from SIRIS.
  71. ^ Memory, from SIRIS.
  72. ^ Jurisprudence, from SIRIS.
  73. ^ Commerce, from SIRIS.
  74. ^ Forward, from SIRIS.
  75. ^ a b c Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 3." The Pittsburgh Press, January 23, 1921, p. 79.
  76. ^ Longfellow Monument, from SIRIS.
  77. ^ The Spirit of Life, from SIRIS.
  78. ^ The Spirit of Life (SAAM), from SIRIS.
  79. ^ Spirit of Life, from IMA.
  80. ^ The Spirit of Life, from Newark Museum.
  81. ^ The Spirit of Life (VT), from SIRIS.
  82. ^ Model for Creation, from SIRIS.
  83. ^ Brooklyn, from SIRIS.
  84. ^ Richman, Michael, "Daniel Chester French: An American Sculptor", The Preservation Press, Washington D.C., 1976 p. 146
  85. ^ Manhattan, from SIRIS.
  86. ^ Maidenhood, from SIRIS.
  87. ^ "Miss Audrey Monson and the Statue for Which She Posed," The Logan Republican (Utah), April 13, 1915, p. 1.[8]
  88. ^ Ceres, from SIRIS.
  89. ^ Release, Press (November 8, 2018). "Office of Administration announces scheduled removal and public viewing of Ceres, statue atop the Missouri State Capitol".
  90. ^ Spirit of Commerce, from SIRIS.
  91. ^ "Miss Audrey Monson, and Statues of Her," The Guthrie Daily Leader (Oklahoma), March 20, 1915, p. 1.[9]
  92. ^ Stella G. S. Perry, The Sculpture & Murals of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (San Francisco: The Wahlgreen Company, 1915), p. 33.
  93. ^ Edward Payson Critcher, "Sculpture and Sculptors: Panam-Pacific International Exposition," The Fine Arts Journal, vol. 32 (February 1915), p. 47.[10]
  94. ^ Three Muses, from SIRIS.
  95. ^ Solace, from SIRIS.
  96. ^ Consecration, from SIRIS.
  97. ^ Straus Memorial, from SIRIS.
  98. ^ Beauty, from SIRIS.
  99. ^ Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 9," Hearst's Sunday Magazine, San Francisco Examiner, March 6, 1921, pp. 87–88.
  100. ^ Music of the Waters Fountain, from Audubon Park Historic District.
  101. ^ "All New York Bows to the Real Miss Manhattan," The New York Sun, June 8, 1913, p. 9.[11]
  102. ^ Peace Monument, from SIRIS.
  103. ^ Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy Monument, from SIRIS.
  104. ^ Maine Monument, from SIRIS.
  105. ^ Josef Vincent Lombardo, Attilio Piccirilli: Life of an American Sculptor (New York & Chicago: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1944), p. 225.[12]
  106. ^ Thayer Tolles, ed., American Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born between 1865 and 1885 (MMA, 2000).
  107. ^ Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 8." The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 1921, p. 77.
  108. ^ "Venus Surpassed in Beauty of Form". The Illustrated Milliner. May 1, 1915. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  109. ^ American Art Annual, 14 (1918): "Who's Who in Art": s.v. "Quinn, Edmond T., 135 De Kalb Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y."".
  110. ^ Illustrated Catalogue: National Academy of Design, Winter Exhibition. National Academy of Design. January 1, 1914. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  111. ^ a b "Why the Beautiful Audrey Munson Wanted Her Death Announced," The New York Evening World, October 23, 1920, p. 11.[13]
  112. ^ Monument to South Carolina Women of the Confederacy' from SIRIS.
  113. ^ Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 2." The Nebraska State Journal, January 16, 1921, p. 83.
  114. ^ Night, from SIRIS.
  115. ^ "Day and Night" Clock Entablature, from SIRIS.
  116. ^ Civic Fame, from SIRIS.
  117. ^ Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 5." The Washington Times, February 6, 1921, p. 83.
  118. ^ "Audrey Munson, the 'Exposition Girl'," Sunset Magazine, vol. 35, no. 1 (July 1915), p. 164.[14]
  119. ^ Frank Morton Todd, The Story of the Exposition, Volume 2 (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1921), p. 319.
  120. ^ "Purity". The Progressive Silent Film List. Silent Era. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  121. ^ "Audrey Munson. The 1st Supermodel". GOING AGAINST THE GRAIN IN FILM, FOOD, & FOREIGN PLACES. March 6, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  122. ^ Tucker, Reed (March 5, 2016). "NYC's first supermodel died alone in an insane asylum". New York Post. Retrieved October 8, 2019.

Bibliography

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