Arsenic blende or Arsenblende (German: Arsenblende, arsenik-blende) is a trivial name that has partially fallen out of scientific use, used by mineralogists, as well as representatives of mining and craft professions in relation to at least two similar ore minerals — orpiment and realgar,[1]: 135, 239, 438 in composition — arsenic sulfides.
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History of the term
editBoth of these minerals, realgar and orpiment, have been mined for a very long time, for thousands of years. They were mined as natural dyes, as medicinal agents, and as preparations that were important in alchemical practice. Their use as pigments was very significant, both in pure form and in mixed form; for example, orpiment was constantly required to make up the green dye that was used to dye wool in the Middle Ages in Western Europe. Arsenic blende was used even more widely in medicine; for example, in Hebrew (orpiment) and ancient Greek medicine (realgar and orpiment). This use is entirely preserved in the folk medicine of some tribes in Asia (Caucasus, Japan, China) and Europe (Russia). In China and Japan, realgar served as a raw material for jewelry crafts at the beginning of the 20th century, despite its toxicity.[2]: 210
Initially, the phrase ″arsenic blende″ was mostly used to refer to orpiment. This name was given to a natural mineral with a high arsenic content, as well as a bright golden or lemon-yellow paint based on it. This pigment was highly valued for its color and was called "royal yellow"; it was widely used in fresco painting and icon painting, despite its strong toxicity and chemical instability.[3]: 21
The purity and brightness of color, rare for nature, combined with the diamond lustre of the mineral, often deceived ignorant people. From a distance, the orpiment could in fact be mistaken for native gold, not distinguished by such brilliance. In addition, well-formed realgar crystals look impressive and often give the impression of red gemstones: rubyes or garnets. For this, realgar also earned two other trivial names: ″ruby sulphur″ and ″ruby of arsenic″.
In the scientific literature, until the first half of the 19th century, both of these minerals were more often called "arsenic blende" (red or yellow). As minerals that are old, bright and widespread, realgar (″sandarac″) and orpiment are very often cited as the most famous examples of the group of blendes.[4]: 105
Until the second half of the 19th century, ″arsenic blende″ remained a conventionally accepted scientific mineralogical term. Used in its pure form, without additional definition, as a rule, it meant orpiment or, more generally, arsenic sulfide in the form of a mineral. However, more often in the texts there was still a color clarification that made it possible to avoid confusion: red arsenic blende was called realgar, and yellow arsenic blende was called orpiment.[5] However, such a distinction often seems more than arbitrary, since realgar and orpiment are very often found together in close fusions or associations.[2]: 203–204 In addition, realgar as a mineral is unstable, it gradually oxidizes in the light, and often directly turns into orpiment, as a result of which the red color gradually fades and turns into orange or yellow.[2]: 210
In the 20th century, there was an almost complete displacement of arsenic blende as a term from the scientific glossary — into the colloquial language of geologists, miners, engineers, metallurgists, mineral collectors and other categories of amateurs. Nevertheless, the phrase has remained alive and relevant to this day in the study of the history of mineralogy, and also as one of the striking examples of minerals included in the group of blendes.[6]: 93
Essential Minerals
edit- Arsenic blende,[1]: 239 orpiment, also yellow arsenic blende[7]: 48 — arsenic sulfide, ore mineral of the composition As2S3. It has a bright color from lemon yellow to golden orange.
- Arsenic blende,[1]: 239 realgar, also red arsenic blende[7]: 48 or sandarac — arsenic sulfide, ore mineral with the composition AsS. It also has a bright color ranging from fiery red to orange-yellow.
In addition, another widely known ore mineral, which in its chemical composition belongs to a different group, has a similar trivial name:
- Arsenical silver blende[7]: 48 or arsenic-silver blende,[1]: 239 proustite[8]: 21 — silver thioarsenide, an ore mineral with the composition Ag3AsS3, forms dark purplish-red crystals with a lead-gray tint.
Gallery
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References
edit- ^ a b c d Krivovichev V. G. Mineralogical glossary. Scientific editor A. G. Bulakh. — St.Petersburg: St.Petersburg Univ. Publ. House. 2009. — 556 p. — ISBN 978-5-288-04863-0
- ^ a b c Vladimir Vernadsky Collected works d 24; edited by academician Erik Galimov. — Moscow: Science, 2013 г. — Volume 3. Experience in descriptive mineralogy (1914–1922) — 572 p.
- ^ Zamyatina N. A. Terminology of Russian icon painting. — Moscow: Languages of Russian culture, 2000. — 270 p.
- ^ Encyclopedic lexicon. Under the general editorship of N. I. Grech. Volume 6. Bin-Bra. - St. Petersburg, in the printing house of A. Plushar, 1836.
- ^ In fact, the definition of color does not provide an unambiguous distinction between the two minerals, since orpiment is often orange-red in color, and realgar is not always purely red. In addition, it often turns into orpiment, gradually becoming lighter.
- ^ Bulanov V., Belogolov A., Letnikov F., Sizykh A. Mineralogy with the basics of crystallography. 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Textbook for academic bachelor's degree. — Moscow: Yurayt, 2018.
- ^ a b c Prof. Naumann. On Mineralogical Classification. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. Vol. 27. April-October 1845. Conducted by Robert Jameson. — Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, Longman, Brown, Green & Longman, London, 1845.
- ^ Thomas Egleston, Ph. D. Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms. — Washington: Government Printing Office, 1887.
