1903 in science

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The year 1903 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Aeronautics

December 17 – Wright brothers' first flight

June 27–19-year-old American socialite Aida de Acosta becomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilots Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, "No. 9", from Paris to Château de Bagatelle in France.^[1]
December 17 – First documented, successful, controlled, powered flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft with a petrol engine by Orville Wright in the Wright Flyer at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of papers discussing the use of liquid fuel rockets to reach outer space, space suits, and colonization of the Solar System.

Biology

The type specimen of the vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) is described by Carl Chun.^[2]
Fauna and Flora International is founded as the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire by a group of British naturalists and American statesmen in Africa.

Chemistry

Peter Cooper Hewitt demonstrates the mercury-vapour lamp.
Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet invents chromatography, an important analytic technique.
The International Committee of Atomic Weights publishes the inaugural atomic weights report.

Mathematics

October – Frank Nelson Cole demonstrates that the Mersenne number 2⁶⁷-1, or M₆₇, is composite by factoring it as 193,707,721 * 761,838,257,287.^[3]
Fast Fourier transform algorithm presented by Carle David Tolmé Runge.^{[citation needed]}
Edmund Georg Hermann Landau gives considerably simpler proof of the prime number theorem.

Physics

George Darwin and John Joly claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat.
Prosper-René Blondlot claims to have detected N rays.

Physiology and medicine

March–April – David Bruce identifies the parasitic Trypanosoma protist as the source of African trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness").^[4]
May 10 – Antoni Leśniowski publishes the first article implicating what will later be known as Crohn's disease, in the Polish weekly medical newspaper Medycyna.^[5]
Alfred Walter Campbell divides the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 14 areas.^[6]
Ernest Fourneau synthesizes and patents Amylocaine, the first synthetic local anesthetic, under the name Stovaine at the Pasteur Institute.^[7]
Willem Einthoven discovers electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
Percy Furnivall carries out the first known case of cardiac surgery in Britain.
The 12th and final edition of Dr Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis: eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie ("Sexual Psychopathy: a Clinical-Forensic Study") published during the author's lifetime introduces the term paedophilia erotica.
Formal opening of the Johnston Laboratories at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.

Technology

November – Windscreen wiper for automobiles is first patented by Mary Anderson in the United States.
December 15 – Italo Marchiony from New York City patents an improved design of apparatus for baking ice cream cones.^[8]
The first diesel-powered ships are launched, both for inland waters: Petite-Pierre in France, powered by Dyckhoff-built diesels, and the tanker Vandal in Russia, powered by Swedish-built diesels with an electrical transmission.
Norwegian engineer Ægidius Elling builds the first gas turbine to generate power, using a centrifugal compressor.^[9]
Laminated glass is invented by Edouard Benedictus.
Baker valve gear for steam locomotives is first patented in the United States.^[10]
The Lune Valley boiler is patented by John G. A. Kitchen and Ludlow Perkins.^[11]

Institutions

June 28 – Deutsches Museum founded in Munich.^[12]

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, and Marie Curie^[13]
- Chemistry – Svante August Arrhenius
- Medicine – Niels Ryberg Finsen

Births

January 22 – Fritz Houtermans (died 1966), Danzig-born Dutch physicist.
January 27 – John Eccles (died 1997), Australian-born psychologist.
January 28 – Kathleen Lonsdale, née Yardley (died 1971), Irish-born crystallographer.
February 2 – Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (died 1996), Dutch mathematician.^[14]
February 22 – Frank P. Ramsey (died 1930), English mathematician.
April 6 – "Doc" Harold Eugene Edgerton ("Papa Flash", died 1990), American electrical engineer.
April 9 – Gregory Goodwin Pincus (died 1967), American biologist, co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill.
April 25 – Andrey Kolmogorov (died 1987), Russian mathematician.
May 2 – Benjamin Spock (died 1998), American pediatrician and writer.
June 14 – Alonzo Church (died 1995), American mathematician.
July 16 – Irmgard Flügge-Lotz (died 1974), German-American mathematician and aerospace engineer
August 7 – Louis Leakey (died 1972), British East African paleoanthropologist.
October 4 – Cyril Stanley Smith (died 1992), English-born metallurgist.
October 5 – M. King Hubbert (died 1989), American geophysicist.
October 10 – Bei Shizhang (died 2009), Chinese biologist and founder of the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
November 7 – Konrad Lorenz (died 1989), Austrian zoologist.
November 27 – Lars Onsager (died 1976), Norwegian-born chemist.
December 19 – George Davis Snell (died 1996), American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.^[15]
December 28 – John von Neumann (died 1957), Hungarian-born mathematician.

Deaths

February 1 – Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (born 1819), Anglo-Irish mathematician and physicist.
February 7 – James Glaisher (born 1809), English meteorologist and balloonist.
March 28 – Émile Baudot (born 1845), French telegraph engineer.
April 28 – J. Willard Gibbs (born 1839), American physical chemist.
June 14 – Carl Gegenbaur (born 1826), German anatomist.^[16]
July 21 – Henri Alexis Brialmont (born 1821), Belgian military engineer.
August 2 – Edmond Nocard (born 1850), French veterinarian and microbiologist.
August 27 – Kusumoto Ine (born 1827), pioneering Japanese woman physician.
November 8 – Vasily Dokuchaev (born 1846), Russian geologist.

References

^ "Women in Transportation – Changing America's History: Reference Materials" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. March 1998. p. 10. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
^ Chun, Karl (1903). Aus den tiefen des weltmeeres [From the depths of the ocean] (in German). Jena: G. Fischer. p. 88. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.14876.
^ At a meeting of the American Mathematical Society in New York City.
^ Duggan, A. J. (1977). "Bruce and the African Trypanosomes". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 26 (5 Pt 2 Suppl): 1080–3. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.1080. PMID 20787.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Lichtarowicz, A. M.; Mayberry, J. F. (August 1988). "Antoni Lésniowski and his contribution to regional enteritis (Crohn's disease)". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 81 (8): 468–470. doi:10.1177/014107688808100817. PMC 1291720. PMID 3047387.
^ Campbell, A. W. (1903). "Histological studies on cerebral localisation". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 72 (477–486): 488–492. doi:10.1098/rspl.1903.0077. S2CID 145403326.
^ "Stovaïne, anesthésique local". Bull. Sc. pharmacolog. 10 (1904): 141.
^ US patent 746971, Italo Marchiony, "Mold", issued 1903-12-15
^ "The History of Engines – How Engines Work. Part 2: A Short History and Timeline of Gas Turbine Engines". About.com.Inventors. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
^ Blake, LeRoy W. (May–June 1979). "Remembering the A.D. Baker Company". Farm Collector: 4. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
^ Wilson, Paul N. (1972). "J. G. A. Kitchen, 1869-1940, and his inventions". Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 45: 15–43. doi:10.1179/tns.1972.002.
^ "History of the Museum". Deutsches Museum. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
^ "BBC – History – Marie Curie". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
^ Sets and Extensions in the Twentieth Century. Elsevier. 2012. p. 175. ISBN 9780080930664.
^ "George Davis Snell – American geneticist". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Gegenbaur, Carl (1826-1903) (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[1] "Women in Transportation – Changing America's History: Reference Materials" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. March 1998. p. 10. Retrieved 2012-08-21.

[2] Chun, Karl (1903). Aus den tiefen des weltmeeres [From the depths of the ocean] (in German). Jena: G. Fischer. p. 88. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.14876.

[3] At a meeting of the American Mathematical Society in New York City.

[4] Duggan, A. J. (1977). "Bruce and the African Trypanosomes". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 26 (5 Pt 2 Suppl): 1080–3. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.1080. PMID 20787.^{[permanent dead link]}

[5] Lichtarowicz, A. M.; Mayberry, J. F. (August 1988). "Antoni Lésniowski and his contribution to regional enteritis (Crohn's disease)". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 81 (8): 468–470. doi:10.1177/014107688808100817. PMC 1291720. PMID 3047387.

[6] Campbell, A. W. (1903). "Histological studies on cerebral localisation". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 72 (477–486): 488–492. doi:10.1098/rspl.1903.0077. S2CID 145403326.

[7] "Stovaïne, anesthésique local". Bull. Sc. pharmacolog. 10 (1904): 141.

[8] US patent 746971, Italo Marchiony, "Mold", issued 1903-12-15

[9] "The History of Engines – How Engines Work. Part 2: A Short History and Timeline of Gas Turbine Engines". About.com.Inventors. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2012-01-31.

[10] Blake, LeRoy W. (May–June 1979). "Remembering the A.D. Baker Company". Farm Collector: 4. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-07-09.

[11] Wilson, Paul N. (1972). "J. G. A. Kitchen, 1869-1940, and his inventions". Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 45: 15–43. doi:10.1179/tns.1972.002.

[12] "History of the Museum". Deutsches Museum. Retrieved 2023-02-16.

[13] "BBC – History – Marie Curie". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2020.

[14] Sets and Extensions in the Twentieth Century. Elsevier. 2012. p. 175. ISBN 9780080930664.

[15] "George Davis Snell – American geneticist". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

[16] Gegenbaur, Carl (1826-1903) (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

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